Saludo a la bandera usa: El desafortunado saludo a la bandera norteamericana
Juramento de Lealtad — Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
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| Versiones oficiales (cambios en negrita y cursiva) | |
|---|---|
| 1892 | |
| “Juro lealtad a mi bandera y la República a la que representa, una nación indivisible con libertad y justicia para todos”. | |
| 1892 a 1923 | |
| “Juro lealtad a mi bandera y a la República a la que representa, una nación indivisible, con libertad y justicia para todos”. | |
| 1923 a 1954 | |
| “Juro lealtad a la bandera de los Estados Unidos de América y a la República a la que representa, una nación indivisible, con libertad y justicia para todos”. |
|
| 1954 al presente | |
| “Juro lealtad a la bandera de los Estados Unidos de América y a la República a la que representa, una nación bajo Dios, indivisible, con libertad y justicia para todos”. | |
Estudiantes realizando el Juramento a la bandera, 1899.
El Juramento a la bandera o Juramento de lealtad (en inglés Pledge of Allegiance) es un juramento a los Estados Unidos y a su bandera que se suele recitar, al unísono, en acontecimientos públicos y especialmente en las aulas de los colegios públicos, donde el juramento es, a menudo, un ritual matutino. El texto del juramento ha sido modificado en cuatro ocasiones desde su implementación original, el cambio más reciente añadió: bajo Dios (under God) y a partir del 14 de junio de 1954 le versión usada dice así:
I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
Juro lealtad a la bandera de los Estados Unidos de América y a la república a la que representa, una nación, bajo Dios, indivisible, con libertad y justicia para todos.
Algunos estados como Texas, tienen juramentos de lealtad a su bandera estatal también.
Un extracto del 8 de septiembre de 1892 Youth’s Companion con el texto original del Juramento a la bandera (http://www.firstmention.com/Documents/pledge1.jpg (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).).
Un ministro bautista, el socialista Francis Bellamy, escribió el Juramento a la bandera el 11 de octubre de 1892 para la revista infantil Youth’s Companion, con el propósito de conmemorar el IV Centenario del descubrimiento de América por Cristóbal Colón. Fue publicado por primera vez el 12 de octubre del mismo año.[1]
El juramento original dice: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all («Juro lealtad a mi bandera y la república que representa, una nación indivisible, con libertad y justicia para todos»).
Algunos lo veían como una llamada a la unidad nacional, deteriorada por la Guerra de Secesión.
Después de una proclamación por el presidente Benjamin Harrison, el juramento fue recitado por primera vez en los colegios públicos el 12 de octubre de 1892. En una cuestión gramatical menor, se le añadió «a» (to) antes de «la república» (the Republic).
Entre 1923 y 1924, la Conferencia de la Bandera Nacional propuso que se cambiara mi bandera (my Flag) por la bandera de los Estados Unidos de América (the Flag of the United States of America, con el propósito de asegurar que los inmigrantes supieran a qué bandera se hacía referencia. El Congreso de los Estados Unidos reconoció oficialmente el juramento el 28 de diciembre de 1945.
En 1952, el pastor de la Iglesia presbiteriana de la Avenida Nueva York, George Docherty, dio un sermón en el que señalaba que el juramento debería agradecer a Dios. Dos años después, el 7 de febrero de 1954, dio otro sermón en el que nuevamente expuso que la nación debería agradecer a Dios en dicho juramento, aprovechando que el presidente Dwight Eisenhower asistió a ese sermón.
Al día siguiente, el senador de Míchigan Charles G. Oackman, propuso una enmienda al juramento que incluía las palabras under God («bajo Dios» o «sometida a Dios»). El 8 de junio de 1954, luego de un proyecto alcanzado por el presidente Eisehower, el Congreso adoptó esta reforma.
Al principio, se recitaba el juramento con el saludo romano, la mano derecha extendida hacia la bandera. Después de que dicho saludo fuera identificado con el nazismo y el fascismo en los años 1940, se adoptó el saludo en la forma que hoy en día se practica, se coloca la mano sobre el corazón.
Referencias[editar]
- ↑ Pledge of Allegiance, recuperado 13 de agosto de 2007.
Véase también[editar]
- Deísmo ceremonial
- Michael Newdow
| Control de autoridades |
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crfiweb.org crfiweb.org |
The general strike was, it is true, purely symbolic. crfiweb.org crfiweb.org |
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Como nica respuesta a nuestras
legtimas aspiraciones
econmico y social, con
el mismo talante paternalista que orienta la ideologa y la prctica de los Estados poderosos y adems, a veces, un sesgo imperativo de ultimtum, al momento de ofrecer sus recomendaciones para tomarlas o dejarlas, con arrogancia y desconsideracin, para ordenarnos lo que debemos hacer o no hacer. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org |
Its sole response to our legitimate aspirations is to
give a generalized and
attitude that
characterizes the ideology and practices of powerful States, and a definite sense of ultimatum, as it provides its recommendations on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, with arrogance and disdain, giving us orders as to what we must and must not do. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org |
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america.gov america.gov |
The next day Bill came home and said, I stopped saluting the flag. america.gov america.gov |
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Una ceremonia inaugural, por ejemplo, el
habitual de la localidad. lionsclubs.org lionsclubs.org |
An opening ceremony, e.g., the
lionsclubs.org lionsclubs.org |
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Ha habido muchos otros casos despus de los fallos sobre la
han apoyado en la elocuente idea de
la «estrella fija» del juez Jackson, segn la cual ningn funcionario del gobierno puede dictar qu es lo ortodoxo. america.gov america.gov |
There have been many other
them have built upon Justice Jackson’s eloquent
idea of a «fixed star,» that no government official can prescribe what is orthodox. america.gov america.gov |
|
Justo ayer haba soldados armados de
Eurocorp paseando la bandera de
europarl.europa.eu europarl.europa.eu |
Just yesterday we had armed Eurocorps
soldiers carrying the European
europarl.europa.eu europarl.europa.eu |
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El presidente de
nos los transfiere». viacampesina.org viacampesina.org |
viacampesina.org viacampesina.org |
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Por ejemplo, en 1943 el Tribunal Supremo de los Estados Unidos confirm el derecho de los
Testigos de Jehov de no participar, en base a sus creencias religiosas, en las
america.gov america.gov |
For instance, in 1943 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld
the right of Jehovah’s Witnesses to refuse to
based on their religious beliefs. america.gov america.gov |
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Determin que la Clusula de la Libre Expresin no les conceda a los nios
religiosamente motivados, que acuden a las escuelas pblicas, el derecho de eludir la
america.gov america.gov |
Ruled that the Free Exercise Clause did not give religiously motivated public school children the right to opt
america.gov america.gov |
|
Washington— En Estados Unidos, la
mayora de los encuentros deportivos
juegos de campeonato de la Conferencia estadounidense
de ftbol (AFC) del 24 de enero no fueron una excepcin. america.gov america.gov |
Washington — In the United States, most professional sporting events
24 American Football
Conference (AFC) championship game was no exception. america.gov america.gov |
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Y sent, ay!, que
todo esto. america. america.gov |
And I felt that, Oh,
america.gov america.gov |
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Durante cada da escolar y en todas las asambleas escolares, concursos o reuniones pblicas, se recitar la Promesa de Lealtad y/o el himno de
los Estados Unidos de Norteamrica
schools.springisd.org schools.springisd.org |
During each school day and at all school assemblies, contests or public meetings,
the Pledge of Allegiance and/or the
springisd.org springisd.org |
|
Los grupos de Banda, Coro, Danza, Orquesta, Mariachi y
Folklrico de la escuela Hoover harn una
sjusd.org sjusd.org |
The Hoover Band, Choir, Dance, Orchestra, Mariachi
and Folkloric dancers will do a short performance at
sjusd.org sjusd.org |
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Sin embargo, lo importante es por qu fue necesario, a cuatro meses de iniciado el
crfiweb.org crfiweb.org |
However, the important thing is why it was necessary, four
to take even symbolic measures. crfiweb.org crfiweb.org |
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Las reuniones
de desarrollo humano y de valores, las conversaciones con los
administradores, la comunicacin con los padres y una variedad del manejo del saln de clases permiten la observancia de estos principios de conducta, ayudando as a los estudiantes a ser socialmente responsables, respetuosos y auto- disciplinados. asfg.mx asfg.mx |
and values program, conversations with administrators, communication
with parents, and a variety of classroom management systems facilitate the observance of these principles of conduct thus helping students become socially responsible, respectful, and self-disciplined. asfg.mx asfg.mx |
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El día escolar comenzaba con una
autismpotential.info autismpotential.info |
The school day began with prayer followed
autismpotential.info autismpotential.info |
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describir el significado y propsito de los smbolos y
canciones de
the Beautiful»
y el Himno Nacional:»The Star Spangled Banner sjusd.org sjusd.org |
describe meaning and purpose of American symbols
sjusd.org sjusd.org |
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sjusd.org sjusd.org |
sjusd.org sjusd.org |
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cerro Alemo despus de ingresar en la favela de Rio de Janeiro el 28 de noviembre. infosurhoy.com infosurhoy.com |
after entering the slum in Rio de Janeiro on Nov. 28. infosurhoy.com infosurhoy.com |
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Cada maana
cante el himno nacional y escuche el prembulo la constitucin. fusd.net fusd.net |
national anthem and listen to the preamble to the constitution. fusd.net fusd.net |
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Cuando los guardias de asalto entran en la ciudad y pasan frente al edificio
lacucaracha.info lacucaracha.info |
When the Assault Guards entered the city and passed by the
central building of the Anarchist CNT, several
lacucaracha.info lacucaracha.info |
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Si permanecieron firmes y en silencio durante la ceremonia de la bandera mientras sus
la declaracin patritica, es evidente que esta
conducta no poda perturbar la paz ni suponer «un peligro grave y presente de dao grave a la seguridad pblica, la moral, la sanidad o cualquier otro inters pblico legtimo que el Estado tiene el derecho de impedir». ccprcentre.org ccprcentre.org |
If they quietly stood at
anthem and recited the patriotic pledge, it was obvious that such conduct
would not disturb the peace or pose «a grave and present danger of a serious evil to public safety, morals, health or any other legitimate public interest that the State has a right to prevent. ccprcentre.org ccprcentre.org |
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Los smbolos utilizados por los grupos ms pequeos dentro del
Movimiento pueden incluir por
campamento. wagggs.org wagggs.org |
Symbols used by
ceremony at a camp-fire. wagggs.org wagggs.org |
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Pero uno de los juegos
recibir su equipo el trofeo al vencedor. america.gov america.gov |
team received the victor’s trophy. america.gov america.gov |
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The United States has already collaborated with Bandera and it is not surprising that they are helping neo-Nazis now — InoTV
Immediately after World War II, Western countries refused to extradite Sepan Bandera and other Ukrainian collaborators to the Soviet Union, although they knew about their crimes, writes antiwar.com. Therefore, it is not surprising that Washington still supports the Ukrainian authorities, the author of the article, Ted Snyder, notes.
Volodymyr Zelensky defeated Petro Poroshenko in the elections with promises to resolve Donbass issues peacefully within the framework of the Minsk agreements, recalls philosopher Ted Snyder in his article for antiwar.
com. According to him, the residents of Donetsk and Luhansk made a choice in favor of independence from Ukraine after “ in 2014, a US-backed coup d’état brought to power a government appointed by US .» And then from a supporter of the Minsk agreements to their opponent, Zelensky was driven by pressure from the extreme right ultranationalists. At the same time, according to the author of the article, neo-Nazi parties in Ukraine have much more power, which is disproportionate to their low support in society.
It is these ultra-nationalist groups, writes the author of the article, who reformatted the peaceful protest in 2014. They opposed a peace settlement, a ceasefire and elections. According to Ted Snyder, there is now evidence that the riots and civil war on February 20, 2014 did not start because of government forces, but because of snipers from ultra-nationalist rebels. And it was they who occupied government buildings and forced the president of the country to flee.
And after the coup d’état, they began to fight against the Donbass, the author of the article continues. At the same time, the Azov battalion was officially part of the Ukrainian National Guard. They became the « new norm of state building » in Ukraine and part of the government itself, holding a number of ministerial posts: national security, defense, justice; even the Deputy Prime Minister was an ultra-nationalist. Andriy Parubiy was one of the founders of the Svoboda association, a movement known for its national activism, and he became the secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine.
The author of the material refers to an article by Princeton professor Stephen Cohen, which states that the coup in Ukraine led to the rehabilitation and honoring of the memory of Ukrainian collaborators. Among them is Stepan Bandera, who collaborated with the Nazis and committed crimes against Jews, Poles and Russians. The author of the article cites the words of another publicist, Richard Sakwa, who wrote that Bandera adopted tough nationalism, which implies the definition of the Ukrainian nation around one ethnic group.
They note that Bandera took part in the massacres of people. In particular, they are accused of pogroms in Eastern Galicia, in which 12,000 Jews were killed, and the murder of 40,000 Poles in Volhynia.
During World War II, Ukrainian nationalists fought for the creation of an ethnically unified state, and for this they staged ethnic cleansing, the author of the article writes. He quotes their slogan: “ Long live the great, independent Ukraine without Jews, Poles and Germans. The Poles — across the San River, the Germans — to Berlin, and the Jews — to the gallows .
The author of the article notes that the connection of Ukrainian nationalists with Nazi Germany, as well as the participation of neo-Nazis in the 2014 coup, is still at least slightly covered in the West, albeit not in the central media. But at the same time, it’s not in vain that Russia today says that the United States is helping Ukrainian neo-Nazis to fight the Russians and try to overthrow the regime in Russia, because in the old days it was like that – this is not heard at all.
Thus, the author of the article writes that in September 1947, American intelligence came across a group of Ukrainian partisans in Germany. CIA expert John Prados claimed that his own leadership ordered these guerrillas to move west to attract the attention of Western intelligence. And then they began cooperation with the United States and Great Britain in order to fight against the Soviet Union in the Cold War.
At the same time, back in 1946, the USSR demanded the extradition of Stepan Bandera, but the United States kept him under their protection, although American intelligence had information that testified to his war crimes, the author writes. And later, Great Britain and the United States sorted out their partners: London began to cooperate with Bandera, and the United States with his colleague Mikola Lebed.
Evidence of this close connection has been preserved in the archives of the CIA and American counterintelligence. Moreover, in these documents, the movement headed by Lebed is directly called “ terrorist organization ”, and he himself was accused of murders.
In the United States, the question of deporting Lebed was even raised, but CIA Director Allen Dulles insisted that he had « invaluable value » for his department.
A secret CIA report of April 1948 notes that former collaborators may be valuable to the US government for purposes of propaganda, sabotage, and anti-communist political activism. The operation was called «Aerodynamics», and experts cite the words of CIA officer Frank Wisner, who noted that in the context of the development of the resistance movement in Ukraine, it must be expanded and used to wage political and psychological war against the USSR. But in the end, the CIA admitted: the operation failed.
Therefore, the author of the article on antiwar.com concludes, since the United States and its allies have collaborated with the Ukrainian Nazis in the past, it is quite possible to believe that they are doing this now.
USA and Bandera: a secret alliance / Politics
How the fight against the USSR smoothly turned into a fight against Russia
The American portal Antiwar.
com published a long article «US cooperation with neo-Nazis in Ukraine: an inconvenient story.» As it turns out, Washington established and maintained ties with Bandera adherents from the very beginning of the Cold War.
In September 1947, writes the author of the article Ted Schneider, US intelligence discovered a group of Ukrainian militants in Germany. Referring to the book of CIA expert John Prados “Safe for Democracy”, he notes that the Supreme Liberation Council of Ukraine (a structure of the OUN * banned in Russia) ordered everyone to go to the West. Thus began «the story of a secret marriage between the US, Britain and Ukrainians, who had previously collaborated with the Nazis, in their underground war against the Soviet Union» .
Prados writes that in 1946 Stalin demanded the extradition of Bandera, but the Americans provided him with protection (Operation Anyface), although they had information that he was a war criminal.
In the book Legacy of Ashes: The Story of the CIA, American writer Tim Weiner tells that at the initiative of US Secretary of Defense James Forrestal «Ukrainian resistance forces» were instructed «to wage a secret war against Stalin» .
A secret CIA report to the National Security Council in April 1948 described future cooperation with Ukrainian collaborators and noted «their high value to the US government for the purpose of propaganda and anti-communist political activities, as well as sabotage.» Operation codenamed «AERODYNAMIC» (Operation AERODYNAMIC)
was started by the CIA in 1948. Frank Wiesner of the CIA says: «Given the scale and activity of the resistance movement in Ukraine, we considered this project to be of the highest priority» .
Antiwar.com author Ted Schneider notes that Zelensky “under strong pressure from neo-Nazi parties with great power disproportionate to their low popular support, backtracked on his campaign promise of peace and refused to talk to Donbass leaders and to implement the Minsk agreements » .
Schneider argues that the snipers who participated in the massacre that took place in Kyiv on February 20, 2014 and preceded the coup d’état were not regular troops, but members of ultra-nationalist militant groups (Svoboda*, Right Sector, banned in Russia*).
It was they who seized the government building and forced Yanukovych to flee. It was they who became the “legitimate part of the Maidan” and the “new norm of Ukrainian statehood”, having joined the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
Stephen Cohen, Emeritus Professor of Russian Studies from Princeton, in an article about Ukraine «America’s Conspiracy with Neo-Nazis» noted that the putschist regime established in Ukraine did everything to perpetuate the memory of Ukrainian collaborators who collaborated with Nazi Germany.
In general, the Americans began to use Bandera against the USSR earlier than Ted Schneider believes. In mid-1946, American intelligence agencies launched two projects with the participation of Ukrainians who ended up in the western zones of occupation of Germany after the war (“Belladonna” and “Lynx”). The projects were aimed at gathering information about the Soviet military administration in Germany.
In March 1948, a report entitled «The Use of Refugees from the Soviet Union in the National Interests of the United States» appeared.