Hidrografia de puerto rico: Puerto Rico: relieve e hidrografía
Puerto Rico: relieve e hidrografía
Relieve
Puerto Rico tiene un notable carácter montañoso. Se encuentra en un borde de placa, en la zona de subducción de la placa norteamericana y la placa caribeña. Cerca de la costa norte se encuentra la Fosa de Puerto Rico, la más profunda del océano Atlántico con 9.129 metros por debajo del nivel del mar. La isla es zona volcánica propensa a los terremotos. La isla se edifica, principalmente, con rocas volcánicas y plutónicas de los períodos Cretácico y Eoceno cubiertas por rocas sedimentarias calizas del Oligoceno y depósitos aluviales recientes.
Puerto Rico se organiza en torno a la cordillera Central, que divide la isla en dos partes. Podemos distinguir tres grandes regiones geomorfológicas: la del interior montañoso central, las llanuras cársticas del norte y los llanos costeros del sur.
Interior montañoso central. Comprende las áreas montañosas de Puerto Rico. Predominan rocas de origen volcánico y calizas del oligoceno y el mioceno, en la parte meridional de la isla, y aluviones fluviales que cubren grandes zonas. Dentro de esta región sobresalen:
La cordillera Central, que es la columna vertebral de Puerto Rico y en ella se encuentra la mayor elevación de la isla: el cerro de La Punta (1.338 m). Se extiende desde Aibonito, al este, hasta Maricao, al oeste. Al este de Aibonito se extiende la sierra de Cayey, que tiene forma de herradura, y se prolonga hacia Humacao al noreste.
La sierra de Luquillo domina el ángulo noreste de Puerto Rico y se extiende hacia el este desde Gurabo hasta Fajardo. La mayor parte de ella es de origen volcánico, y los picos más altos son: El Toro (1.074 m), el Yunque (1.065 m) y el Pico del Este (1.051 m).
La sierra Bermeja se encuentra al sur del valle de Lajas, en el suroeste de Puerto Rico, y está compuesta mayoritariamente por rocas de origen volcánico.
El cerro de las Cuevas (o Cerro Raspaldo) es un bloque de falla cubierto, hacia el sur, por calizas del paleozoico o del eoceno.
La meseta de Barranquitas, que está ubicada al norte de la cordillera Central. Tiene una altura media de 950-1.000 m, con una topografía caracterizada por las formas ondulatorias a los lados del río Matrullas.
El valle de Caguas, labrado sobre rocas ígneas, y en el área entre Jayuya y Utuado arenas arcillosas.
Los cerros a los pies de las montañas en el sur de Puerto Rico. Se trata de filos montañosos de bajo relieve cercanos a Ponce, elevaciones constituidas por calizas de edades oligocénicas y miocénicas.
Las llanuras cársticas del norte se extienden entre la cordillera Central y la costa. Corre hacia el oeste, desde el río Grande de Loiza hasta la costa de Aguadilla. Predominan las formas del relieve cárstico. Se trata de la llanura más extensa de Puerto Rico.
Las llanuras costeras del sur están construidas sobre los sedimentos transportados por las corrientes fluviales.
La cobertera sedimentaria no es muy extensa, por lo que la costa se resuelve, mayormente, en una serie de acantilados de roca viva. Mucho más estrechas que las llanuras del norte, la pendiente es muy superior.
Los picos más altos de Puerto Rico son:
* Cerro de La Punta 1.339 m
* Monte Jayuya 1.310 m
* Cerro Rosa 1.267 m
* Monte Piedra Blanca 1.240 m
* Cerro Maravilla 1.210 m
* Los Tres Picachos 1.205 m
* Monte Guilarte 1.204 m
* Cerro Saliente 1.190 m
* Cerro Silla de Calderón 1.15 0m
* Monte Membrillo 1.100 m
* Cerro de Doña Juana 1.079 m
* El Toro 1.074 m
Hidrografía
Los ríos de Puerto Rico son cortos rápidos y caudalosos. Puerto Rico posee nueve embalses y más de 50 ríos. Los ríos nacen en la cordillera Central, y se distinguen cuatro vertientes: la norte o Atlántica, la Sur o del Caribe, la este o del Pasaje y Sonda de Vieques, y la oeste o Canal de la Mona.
Los ríos más importantes son:
* Río de la Plata. Es el más largo (97 km). Nace en el cerro La Santa y desemboca en el Atlántico. Forma los embalses Carite y La Plata. Sus afluentes más importantes son Usabón, Barranquitas y Lajas.
* Río Guajataca. Nace a pocos kilómetros de Lares. Tiene una longitud de 41 km y desemboca en el Atlántico, entre Aguadilla e Isabela. Forma el embalse de Guajataca.
* Río Camuy. Tiene una longitus de 35 km. Desemoba en el Atlántico. Recorre una región caliza en la que encontramos varios sumideros: Blue Hole, Espiral, Tres Pueblos, Empalme.
* Río Bayamón. Nace al norte de Cidra y desemboca en la bahía de San Juan. Tiene una longitud de 40 km. Forma el lago de Cidra y la represa de San Juan.
* Río Grande de Arecibo. Nace por la unión de los ríos Vacas y Cidra, a 2 kilómetros al noroeste de Adjuntas. Desemboca en la bahía de Arecibo tras recorrer 52 km. Forma los embalses de Adjuntas y Dos Bocas.
Otros ríos son:
* Río Grande de Manatí
* Cibuco
* Río Puerto Nuevo
* Río Grande de Loiza; forma el embalse de Loíza
* Espíritu Santo
* Río Grande de Patillas
* Río de Coamo; forma el embalse de Coamo
* Río Yagüez
* Río Culebrinas
* Río de Añasco
Previo en la serie | Siguiente en la serie
Hidrografia de Puerto Rico | kalebb23
En Puerto Rico existen alrededor de 1,500 corrientes de agua que pertenecen a sistemas fluviales.
Las caracteristicas de estos sistemas fluviales varian segun el area geografica donde se encuentren
La mayor parte de los ríos nacen en la Cordillera Central. El relieve topográfico forma cuatro vertientes principales a través de las cuales discurren las aguas de lluvia hacia el mar. Estas vertientes son la vertienteNorte o Atlántico, las vertiente Sur o Mar Caribe, la vertiente Este o Pasaje de Sonda de Vieques, y la vertiente Oeste o del Paso de la Mona.
-Vertientes
La vertiente Norte es la más significativa por la realtiva abundancia de precipitación y la persistencia y mayor caudal de sus corrientes de agua. En otras partes los ríos de sumergen en áreas topográfica cársica, caracterizada por sumideros y cavernas.
La vertiente Este tiene una topografía peculiar.
Las montañas llegan muy cerca del mar y los ríos han cortado en ellas estrechos valles de forma triangular.
En la vertiente Sur los ríos son mucho más cortos que los de la vertiente Norte debido a la proximidad de la Cordillera Central a la costa. La precipitación en la costa sur es escasa, por la que muchos ríos están secos o su caudal es pequeño.
La vertiente Oeste se caracteriza por un régimen lluvioso. Las cuencas de los ríos quí son relativamente extensas con cauces largos
.
Los ríos de Puerto Rico son cortos rápidos y caudalosos. Puerto Rico posee nueve embalses y más de 50 ríos. Los ríos nacen en la cordillera Central, y se distinguen cuatro vertientes: la norte o Atlántica, la Sur o del Caribe, la este o del Pasaje y Sonda de Vieques, y la oeste o Canal de la Mona.
Los ríos más importantes son:
- * Río de la Plata. Es el más largo (97 km). Nace en el cerro La Santa y desemboca en el Atlántico.
Forma los embalses Carite y La Plata. Sus afluentes más importantes son Usabón, Barranquitas y Lajas.- Río Guajataca. Nace a pocos kilómetros de Lares. Tiene una longitud de 41 km y desemboca en el Atlántico, entre Aguadilla e Isabela. Forma el embalse de Guajataca.
- Río Camuy. Tiene una longitus de 35 km. Desemoba en el Atlántico. Recorre una región caliza en la que encontramos varios sumideros: Blue Hole, Espiral, Tres Pueblos, Empalme.
- Río Bayamón. Nace al norte de Cidra y desemboca en la bahía de San Juan. Tiene una longitud de 40 km. Forma el lago de Cidra y la represa de San Juan.
- * Río Grande de Arecibo. Nace por la unión de los ríos Vacas y Cidra, a 2 kilómetros al noroeste de Adjuntas. Desemboca en la bahía de Arecibo tras recorrer 52 km. Forma los embalses de Adjuntas y Dos Bocas.
Otros ríos son:
- * Río Grande de Manatí
- * Cibuco
- * Río Puerto Nuevo
- * Río Grande de Loiza; forma el embalse de Loíza
- * Espíritu Santo
- * Río Grande de Patillas
- * Río de Coamo; forma el embalse de Coamo
- * Río Yagüez
- * Río Culebrinas
- * Río de Añasco
Me gusta esto:
Me gusta Cargando.
..
World Meteorological Day draws attention to the ocean
UN member countries, ocean communities, scientists, and national meteorological and hydrological services around the world have rallied in support of World Meteorological Day and its theme «Ocean, our climate and weather».
Over 400 people attended the virtual ceremony, which was attended by WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas, UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for the Oceans Peter Thomson, UN Assistant Secretary-General for Climate Action Selwyn Hart, Alfred Wegener Institute Director Antje Boetius, yachtswoman Alexia Barrier and youth activist Salvador Gomez-Colon.
The ceremony launched a new WMO video and a special edition of the WMO Bulletin highlighting the vital role of the ocean in our interconnected world, the increasing impact of climate change and the need for improved ocean services, science and observations to protect life at sea and in coastal areas.
WMO Members hold special events to highlight their 24/7 work to protect lives and livelihoods, whether on land or at sea.
“The ocean and the atmosphere are the two titans of the Earth system. Carefully balanced and inextricably linked, they determine the weather and climate around the world. Climate change upsets this delicate balance,” said UN Secretary-General António Guterres in his message.
“Sea level rise has accelerated due to the melting of glaciers and ice caps, threatening coastal megacities and small island states alike. Science is also showing how the melting can affect powerful ocean currents, further exacerbating climate disruption. Scientific research and better observations of the ocean are helping us better understand the changes that are taking place. But as we enter the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, large gaps remain. Only by understanding and protecting our planet can we secure a sustainable future for humanity,” he said.
Gaps in science and observations affecting services
The WMO community is the most supportive of ocean-related science, observations, forecasting and services as well as atmospheres, terrestrial and cryospheres, and has a large number of partnerships , including with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) as part of a systematic approach to planet Earth.
“Significant gaps in ocean data hinder our ability to accurately forecast weather on extended time scales, and even more so from sub-seasonal to seasonal,” said Professor Taalas. The November 2020 WMO Data Conference highlighted the need for free and open access to Earth system data to maximize the overall economic impact of that data, he said. The full text of the statement is here.
Decade of Ocean Science
“It still amazes me that the ocean covers more than 70% of the planet’s surface, and most of the life on this planet lives in the ocean, and many of our economic and scientific efforts simply ignore it.
In fact, the vast majority of the properties of the ocean remain unknown to science, and we are only scratching the surface of the potential benefits of a sustainable blue economy,” said UN Ocean Envoy Ambassador Thomson, whose home country of Fiji symbolizes the benefits and dangers of the ocean.
Ambassador Thomson said that the United Nations’ Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, which includes events such as this year’s World Meteorological Day, will bring a huge leap forward in ocean knowledge.
“I have no doubt that WMO’s commitment to the success of the Decade will go a long way towards achieving the agreed goals of a safe, predictable and transparent ocean,” said Ambassador Thomson. “The upcoming COP-26 in Glasgow and the 2nd UN Ocean Conference in Lisbon will be important events to advance scientific action for sustainable development and policy,” he said.
Failure to limit global mean temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius will make a difference, Mr. Hart said, Mr. Hart said, as we cross dangerous tipping points and undermine any other attempt to protect our oceans. We will not be able to protect the health of the oceans if the 1.5 degree target is violated.
Polar oceans and climate
Professor Boethius gave an overview of the largest polar expedition in history, the Interdisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC). The research icebreaker Polarstern has made a huge contribution to deepening the understanding of the Arctic and allowed us to take a fresh look at the dynamics of the exchange of energy, flows, chemical compounds and heat.
The voyage was a record: never before has an icebreaker been near the North Pole in winter, and never before have international researchers been able to comprehensively gather much-needed climate data in the Arctic, which is warming more than twice as fast as the rest of the planet.
The mission participants observed from 30 km in the air to 5 km under the ice on the seabed.
“The fish they saw was an Atlantic fish. We have evidence of how life is changing in the Arctic,” said Professor Boetius.
Prof. Boethius also commented on the recent iceberg that broke off the Antarctic ice sheet in late February, noting that melting ice due to atmospheric and ocean warming is a concern at both poles. At the time, the Polarstern was the closest research vessel to the iceberg, and scientists aboard it are now exploring the seafloor, exposed after decades of being covered in ice.
Outreach
Alexia Barrière, a French yachtswoman who competed in the 2020-2021 Vendee Globe, recalled how she planted an ocean buoy to contribute to the Global Ocean Observing System observing network.
In five months of navigation and a distance of 20,000 miles, she transmitted more than 1 million surface water data to European ocean observation programs and disseminated ocean science to the followers of her 4myplanet organization.
Salvador Gomez-Colon, Puerto Rican climate resilience and youth empowerment advocate, recalled the deadly Category 5 Hurricane Maria in September 2017 and linked the strength of the hurricane to warming ocean temperatures. He was 15 years old when he survived the worst natural disaster in history that hit Puerto Rico. After seeing the devastation and hearing that there would be no electricity for about a year, as well as fears of a lack of clean water, he created Light and Hope for Puerto Rico, raising almost $200,000 to distribute solar-powered lamps and manual-winding washing machines. for 3500 families.
Since then, Mr. Gomez-Colon has launched other climate resilience initiatives, including the response to Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas and the 2020 Puerto Rico earthquake.
A member of the Marvel’s Hero Project, which airs on Disney and shows the positive impact of real-life young heroes, he has won a number of awards.
“As natural disasters become more frequent and deadly, we must adopt more resilient practices and more resilient infrastructure,” he said.
In addition, the importance of ocean observations for early warning of heatwaves in La Niña-affected seas was highlighted by a collaborative partnership between the Mindero Foundation and the University of Western Australia.
The event also featured videos of the Earthshot Prize, which aims to drive change and help restore our planet over the next ten years.
Source: WMO website
Asturias attractions on the map
Asturias, or Principality of Asturias, is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain. Located on the coast of the Bay of Biscay. It borders in the west with Galicia, in the east with Cantabria, in the south with Castile-Leon. It is called a principality because of the possibility of succession to the throne of Spain by the Prince of Asturias.
The administrative center is Oviedo. The largest city is Gijón. The province uses its own language — Asturian, but it has no official status.
Geography
Territory 10,603.57 km² (10th place among the autonomous communities of the country). The Cantabrian mountains pass through the province.
In the east of the territory there is a national park, which includes mountains up to 2648 meters high. The Cantabrian mountains provide ample opportunities for climbing, hiking and skiing. The coastline is extensive, with hundreds of beaches, coves and natural caves. Most of the Asturian beaches are sandy, bordered by steep cliffs, on the tops of which you can often see cattle grazing. Asturias is located in the so-called «green Spain». The flora of Asturias is very diverse. The main types of trees are oak, beech, yew. However, chestnuts are also found in the mountains. Asturias has 4 biosphere reserves, 5 national parks, 10 nature reserves, 10 natural areas and 35 natural monuments.
This network of natural lands makes up about one third of the region’s territory.
Hydrography
Asturian rivers are short but numerous. They lie in deep valleys, along which they flow to the Bay of Biscay from south to north. Many of them are used to generate electricity.
History
People have inhabited the territory of present-day Asturias since the Lower Paleolithic. The rock paintings date back to about 30,000 years ago. In the Bronze Age, megaliths and burial mounds were built here. In the Iron Age, the territory of Asturias came under the cultural influence of the Celts. The name Asturias itself comes from the Celtic tribe of the Asturians. Today, the influence of the Celtic culture is preserved in the geographical names of rivers and mountains.
The territory of Asturias was conquered by the Roman Empire under Emperor Octavian Augustus in 29-19 BC. e. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the territory was conquered by the tribes of the Sveves and Visigoths in the 6th century AD.
e. and was preserved under their influence until it was selected by the Arabs at the beginning of the 8th century. However, it was not easy for the Arabs to fight in the mountains, and the lands along the northern coast of Spain never became part of Muslim Spain. On the contrary, with the beginning of the Arab invasion in the 8th century, this territory turned into a refuge for Christian nobles, and in 711 the de facto independent Kingdom of Asturias was created.
The kingdom was known as Asturias until 924, when it became known as the Kingdom of León.
The Kingdom of León was in turn united in 1230 into the Kingdom of Castile and León.
As a result of the revolt of Enrique II in the 14th century, the Principality of Asturias was created. But despite the significant victories of supporters of independence, in the end, the Castilian troops regained this territory. In the 16th century, the population reaches 100,000, and doubles in the next century, thanks to the spread of American corn.
In the 18th century, Asturias became one of the centers of Spanish education. Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos — Spanish writer, lawyer, economist and public figure of the Enlightenment was born in the seaside town of Gijón. The Industrial Revolution began in Asturias in the 1830s, with the discovery and systematic use of coal and iron. At the same time, significant migration to the Americas began (particularly to Argentina, Uruguay, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Mexico). Those who achieved success abroad often returned to their homeland rich. The legacy of these wealthy families can still be seen today with many of their villas scattered throughout the region.
Asturias played a significant role in the events that led to the Spanish Civil War. In 1934, the Marxist movement of workers fought for the continuation of the reforms begun in 1932-1933, and against the entry into the government of Spain of ministers representing a bloc of conservative parties. As a result of the uprising on October 5, 1934, a «workers’ and peasants’ republic» was proclaimed in Asturias.
The troops under the command of Francisco Franco, intended to suppress the uprising, were brought from Morocco, after two weeks of fighting, the rebels laid down their arms. At 19In 37, the territory of Asturias was occupied by rebel troops during the civil war. After the final defeat of the republic and the establishment of the dictatorship of Franco, Asturias became known as the «province of Oviedo». The name and status of the principality were returned to the province only after the restoration of democracy in Spain in 1977.
In 1982 Asturias became an autonomous region. The Asturian Regional Government has overarching powers in important areas such as health, education and environmental protection.
Culture
Architecture
Asturias has a rich architectural heritage. Architectural monuments such as Santa Maria del Naranco, Santa Cristina de Lena, San Miguel de Lillo were made in the pre-Romanesque style during the time of Ramiro I and San Julian de los Prados during the time of Alfonso II.
Romanesque style is also present to a large extent in Asturias, buildings such as the monastery of San Pedro de Villanueva, the church of San Esteban de Aramil and the church of Iglesia de San Juan can be mentioned.
There is not much Gothic style, but it is still present, for example, in the Cathedral of San Salvador in Oviedo.
The Baroque style became widespread in Asturias. The following buildings of this style are known: the Camposagro Palace, the Velarde Palace and the Olonyego Bridge. The second is the Museum of Fine Arts of Asturias.
In 1985, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared the following objects to be monuments of the Kingdom of Asturias:
- Camara Santa in the Cathedral of Oviedo
- Basilica of Santullano (now called San Julián de los Prados)
- Santa Maria del Naranco
- San Miguel de Lillo
- Santa Cristina de Lena
- Foncalada
Painting
The Museum of Fine Arts of Asturias houses the following leading Asturian artists of the 20th century:
- Juan Carreño de Miranda
- Darío de Regoyos
- Luis Bayón
- Mariano More
- Evaristo Valle
- Nicanor Pinole
- Aurelio Suárez
- Pelayo Ortega
- Inocencio Urbina Villanueva
Photo
One of the main museums with old photographs of Asturias is the Museo del Pueblo de Asturias.
The most famous photographers of Asturias are:
- In the 19th century:
- Feliciano Pardo Campos
- José Fernández Cuétara
- Ramón del Fresno
- Fernando del Fresno
- Ramón García Duarte
- Jean David
- Marceliano Cuesta
- Luis Muñiz Miranda
- Modesto Montoto
- Baltasar Cue
- In the 20th century:
- Javier Bauluz
- Jose Ferrero
Literature
The most famous writers of Asturias are:
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
- Gumersindo Laverde
- Leopoldo Alas y Ureña
- Armando Palacio Valdes
- Ramon Perez de Ayala
- Alfonso Camín
- Alejandro Casona
- Carlos Bousoño
- Angel González
- Corin Tellado
- Mariano Antolín Rato
- Rafael Reig
- Xuan Bello
- Jordi Doce
Jorge Moreno
In 2000, the Anthology of Asturian Poetry (1639-2000) was first published in Russia, where most of the authors listed above were published.
Edited by padre Federicu Fierro Botas (Editu: Coleutivu Manuel Fernandes de Castro), Russian translation by Alexey Yeshchenko, Alexander Mosintsev, Osip Cherkasov.
Music
The music and dances of Asturias are very diverse. A characteristic instrument is the Asturian bagpipe, which consists of three pipes: one for blowing air, two for sounding. Such a bagpipe is used in many folk dances and can be accompanied by both a drum and other instruments such as accordion and clarinet.
The most common are those musical ensembles that represent various forms of expression of folk music. However, the Principality of Asturias is also prolific with rock bands performing in both Asturian and Castilian.
At the beginning of the 90’s, a movement of alternative music, closely associated with indie, rose up all over Spain.
Attractions
- Oviedo, the capital of Asturias: a clean, picturesque city with a great architectural heritage. Santa Maria del Naranco and San Miguel de Lillo are pre-Romanesque churches and palaces built during the time of the first rulers of Asturias on Mount Naranco, north of the city.
