Valores wikipedia definicion: Qué son los Valores (Concepto, Definición y Cuáles son)

Valores familiares — Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

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Valores familiares son los que se proponen identificar con lo que se considera la familia nuclear o moderna por contraposición a sus opuestos, en rasgos como su estructura, función, roles, creencias, actitudes e ideales; y que sociológicamente se pueden o no considerar «norma» frente a otros tipos de familias.

Se asocian a un modelo ideal, divulgado en todo tipo de productos culturales, de familia nuclear con un padre de familia (paterfamilias) varón y responsable del mantenimiento familiar (breadwinner, «el que gana el pan»), vinculado por matrimonio legalmente constituido con una mujer que cumple el papel de ama de casa; y que en el seno de ese matrimonio tienen y crían hijos biológicos sometidos a la patria potestad hasta su emancipación, que se produce típicamente cuando pasan a formar su propio núcleo familiar. En realidad, es una institución relativamente reciente frente al concepto de familia extensa o tradicional.^[1]​ Su imposición como modelo se produjo a mediados del siglo XX en la ideología dominante y medios de comunicación de masas estadounidenses, y su influencia extendida a todo el mundo.^[2]​ También se divulgan del mismo modo sus parodias (The Addams Family, Eight is enough, The Simpsons, Family Guy).

Índice

• 1 Definiciones
• 2 Opciones ideológicas
• 3 Familismo
• 4 La familia como valor constitucional
• 5 Valores familiares en el cristianismo
  • 5.1 Encíclicas
• 6 Véase también
• 7 Notas
• 8 Bibliografía
• 9 Enlaces externos

Definiciones[editar]

Los valores familiares se definen enciclopédicamente como: «los principios morales y éticos tradicionalmente mantenidos y transmitidos dentro de una familia, como la honestidad, la lealtad, la industriosidad (ética del trabajo) y la fe»;^[3]​ «los valores de una clase particularmente tradicional o conservadora que se mantienen para promover el funcionamiento sano de la familia y fortalecer los fundamentos de la sociedad»;^[4]​ o «los valores que tradicionalmente se aprenden o refuerzan dentro de una familia, como la disciplina y los altos patrones morales». ^[5]​

Además de estos aspectos morales o éticos, de carácter universal, entre los rasgos que pueden considerarse valores para cuyo mantenimiento y transmisión ejerce un gran papel la familia están los étnicos o identitarios, como la lengua, la religión y la cultura; además de los raciales (sea cual sea la naturaleza de éstos –muy debatida–, se transmiten biológicamente).

Opciones ideológicas[editar]

La reivindicación de los valores familiares fue clave para la Gleichschaltung en la Alemania nazi, reduciendo el papel de a mujer a «niños [maternidad], iglesia y cocina» (kinder, kirche, küche).^[6]​ Similar función tuvo en el nacionalcatolicismo español.

En Estados Unidos, la bandera de los valores familiares (family values) es enarbolada por la denominada mayoría moral y otras fuerzas conservadoras^[7]​ para oponerse al aborto, los derechos LGBT y el feminismo.^[8]​ Similares planteamientos se dan en otros países, en lo que se presenta como defensa de «la vida y la familia» y oposición a lo que se ha denominado «ideología de género». ^[9]​

Familismo o familialismo (familism, familialism) se ha denominado a la ideología que pone su prioridad en este concepto de familia y sus valores.^[10]​ Prioriza las necesidades de la familia sobre las de los individuos y aboga por un «sistema de bienestar» en el que sean las familias, y no el Estado (Estado de bienestar) quienes tomen la responsabilidad del cuidado de sus miembros.^[10]​

El sociólogo alemán Andreas Kemper define el familismo como «una forma de biopolítica en la que se considera que la familia tradicional es uno de los cimientos de la nación, y que supedita los derechos reproductivos y de autonomía decisoria del individuo [y de las mujeres, en particular] a la exigencia normativa de reproducción de la nación». El politólogo Cas Mudde señala que el familismo es una de las señas de identidad de la ultraderecha actual. Cita como ejemplo un folleto de una sección local de la Liga Norte de Italia en el que se decía que las mujeres tienen «una gran misión social que cumplir en relación con la supervivencia de nuestra nación». ^[11]​

La familia como valor constitucional[editar]

La familia aparece como valor protegido en el ordenamiento jurídico, las constituciones y declaraciones de derechos; aunque lo que tal cosa signifique es objeto de debate y evolución en el tiempo.^[12]​

La familia es el elemento natural y fundamental de la sociedad y tiene derecho a la protección de la sociedad y del Estado

Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, artículo 16^[13]​

La familia es el núcleo fundamental de la sociedad. Se constituye por vínculos naturales o jurídicos, por la decisión libre de un hombre y una mujer de contraer matrimonio o por la voluntad responsable de conformarla.
El Estado y la sociedad garantizan la protección integral de la familia. La ley podrá determinar el patrimonio familiar inalienable e inembargable. La honra, la dignidad y la intimidad de la familia son inviolables.

Constitución Política de Colombia, artículo 42^[14]​

Los poderes públicos aseguran la protección social, económica y jurídica de la familia.

Constitución española, artículo 39^[15]​

Valores familiares en el cristianismo[editar]

La Sagrada Familia como modelo de familia cristiana y de sus valores^[16]​^[17]​

Encíclicas[editar]

• Humanae vitae (encíclica de Pablo VI, 1968)
• Familiaris consortio (encíclica de Juan Pablo II, 1981)

Véase también[editar]

• Provida
• Heteropatriarcado
• Sociedad preindustrial, sociedad industrial y sociedad postindustrial
• Sistemas familiares según Emmanuel Todd
• El origen de la familia, la propiedad privada y el Estado (Engels, 1884)
• Family Research Council
• Foro Español de la Familia

1. ↑ Parenting Myths And Facts
2. ↑ History of Nuclear Families
3. ↑ «family values». Dictionary.com. Consultado el 3 de septiembre de 2014. 
4. ↑ «family values». Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Consultado el 3 de septiembre de 2014. 
5. ↑ «family values». Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Consultado el 3 de septiembre de 2014. 
6. ↑ La vida cotidiana en la Alemania nazi
7. ↑ Conservatism in the United States
8. ↑ Dowland, Seth (2015). [to fight abortion, gay rights, and major feminist objectives Family Values and the Rise of the Christian Right] |url= incorrecta (ayuda). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812247602. 
9. ↑ Catholic.net
10. ↑ ^{a b} {{cite book|title=Transformation of the Intimate and the Public in Asian Modernity. The Intimate and the Public in Asian and familia es el que cria no el te da plata da mas[url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JImIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 Page 20-21]
11. ↑ Mudde, Cas (2021) [2019]. La ultraderecha hoy [The Far Right Today]. Barcelona: Paidós. pp. 196-197. ISBN 978-84-493-3783-3.  
12. ↑ Gabriel Muñoz, Evolución del concepto de familia y su recepción en el ordenamiento jurídico. Marisol Fernández, La familia vista a la luz de la constitución y los derechos fundamentales. Aproximación a un análisis crítico de las instituciones familiares
13. ↑ Familia (web de la ONU)
14. ↑ Web del Senado
15. ↑ Sinopsis en la Web del Congreso
16. ↑ catholic.net
17. ↑ ABC Radio National on Jesus and «family values»

Bibliografía[editar]

• Bennett, William J. (ed.) (1997). The Book of Virtues for Young People: A Treasury of Great Moral Stories (illustrated, reprint). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-689-81613-0
• Bork, Robert H. (2010). Slouching towards Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and American Decline (revised edition). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-203091-7
• Coontz, Stephanie (1992). The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (illustrated, reprinted ed.). Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09097-6
• Coontz, Stephanie (2008). The Way We Really Are: Coming to Terms with America’s Changing Families. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-2556-4
• Coontz, Stephanie (ed.) (2013). American Families: A Multicultural Reader (2nd edition, revised). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-77691-6
• Coontz, Stephanie (2006). Marriage, A History: From Obedience to Intimacy, or How Love Conquered Marriage. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-11825-2
• Gairdner, William Douglas (2007). The War Against the Family: A Parent Speaks Out on the Political, Economic, and Social Policies That Threaten Us All. BPS Books. ISBN 978-0-9784402-1-3
• Good, Deirdre (2006). Jesus’ Family Values. Church Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-59627-163-0
• Shapiro, Ben (2005). Porn Generation: How Social Liberalism is Corrupting Our Future. Regnery. ISBN 978-1-59698-686-2
• Stacey, Judith (1996). In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Values in the Postmodern Age (reprint). Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-0433-3

Enlaces externos[editar]

• Gerardo Meil y Luis Ayuso, Sociología de la familia
• José Carlos Rosales, Marta Córdova, Valores familiares en estudiantes universitarios del Sector Salud
• Ricardo Andrés Roa-Castellanos, Cultura, Co-Factorialidad Social, Modelo de Familia y Crisis Geopolítica Occidental
• Pilar Zeledón y Rosa Buxarrais (coord.), La familia, un valor cultural : tradiciones y educación en valores democráticos

Control de autoridades	Proyectos Wikimedia Datos: Q1811480

Qué son los Valores (Concepto, Definición y Cuáles son)

Los valores son los principios, virtudes o cualidades que caracterizan a una persona o una acción, y que se consideran positivos o de gran importancia para un grupo social.

Los valores motivan a las personas a actuar de cierta manera porque forman parte de su sistema de creencias, determinan sus conductas y expresan sus intereses y sentimientos.

Los valores definen los pensamientos de los individuos y la manera en que estos desean vivir y compartir sus experiencias con su entorno.

Existe una serie de valores compartidos por la sociedad y que establecen cómo deben ser los comportamientos y actitudes de las personas para alcanzar el bienestar colectivo.

Los valores humanos destacan por tener mayor reconocimiento y repercusión en los distintos grupos sociales. Son el respeto, la tolerancia, la bondad, la solidaridad, la amistad, la honestidad, el amor, la justicia, la libertad, entre otros.

Por ejemplo, la libertad es un valor humano que poseemos todas las personas para tomar nuestras decisiones y poder expresar nuestros sentimientos y opiniones.

Los valores aplicados a un grupo de personas en función de su cultura y sus características sociales son valores culturales y valores sociales.

Los valores culturales se relacionan con las creencias y costumbres que comparte un grupo de personas o comunidad.

Los valores sociales, en cambio, son principios que reconocen y aplican los miembros de una sociedad para relacionarse entre sí.

También existen los valores éticos y morales, que se refieren a las normas y conductas, respectivamente, practicadas en la sociedad y por los individuos.

Finalmente, en contextos más específicos, podemos diferenciar entre:

• Valores familiares, que son los que una persona comparte con su entorno más próximo.
• Valores religiosos, específicos a la creencia de cada quien.
• Valores personales, que son las pautas que cada individuo se establece en su conducta.

Ejemplos de los valores más importantes

A continuación se presenta una lista de los valores más importantes y su significado.

• Respeto: nos permite reconocer y aceptar que todas las personas somos igual de importantes. El respeto define la forma en que actuamos ante los demás.
• Amor: nos ayuda a actuar desde el bien a través del respeto y la libertad que cada quien posee.
• Justicia: se trata de actuar y tomar las decisiones más equilibradas según cada persona o situación merezca.
• Libertad: valor humano que poseemos las personas para tomar nuestras decisiones y poder expresar nuestros sentimientos y opiniones.
• Tolerancia: aceptar que todas las personas somos únicos con las cualidades y defectos que las identifican.
• Responsabilidad: es el cumplimiento de obligaciones que fueron aceptadas o acordadas previamente.
• Bondad: es el deseo de hacer el bien a otras personas.
• Gratitud: se refiere a ser agradecidos con todas aquellas personas que nos ayudan y brindan apoyo.
• Humildad: capacidad de reconocer nuestras limitaciones y debilidades sin sentir pena ni culpa.
• Solidaridad: principio que nos permite dar nuestra ayuda a cualquier persona desamparada.
• Lealtad: valor que nos invita a ser fieles a lo que creemos, bien se trate de una persona, regla, etc.
• Perdón: se refiere a saber perdonar y pedir perdón. El perdón desiste de la venganza.
• Paciencia: es una virtud que nos permite soportar contratiempos con una actitud madura y positiva.
• Honestidad: es un valor fundamental para establecer relaciones basadas en el respeto, la confianza y decir la verdad.

Vea también Los valores más importantes en la sociedad y sus significados.

Valores éticos y valores morales

La ética y la moral son términos que guardan relación con los valores. Aunque en muchos casos se habla indistintamente de valores éticos y valores morales, estos términos no tienen el mismo significado.

Los valores éticos son las pautas de comportamiento que buscan regular la conducta de las personas. Son valores de carácter universal y se adquieren durante el desarrollo individual de cada persona. Por ejemplo, en la vida profesional valores como la responsabilidad o la justicia son claves.

Por su parte, los valores morales son aquellos transmitidos por la sociedad, de una generación a otra, y pueden variar a lo largo del tiempo. En algunos casos, pueden estar determinados por una doctrina religiosa. Por ejemplo, valores como la solidaridad o la honestidad son muy importantes en entornos sociales.

Vea también Los 5 valores éticos más importantes con ejemplos.

Escala de valores

Existe un gran número de valores, tanto generales como específicos, cuyo orden de importancia varía en cada individuo o grupo social.

Por ejemplo, entre amigos existe un conjunto de valores compartidos como la amistad y el respeto. Sin embargo, cada integrante tiene una serie de valores personales diferentes.

La escala de valores indica que existe un sistema jerarquizado en el que se priorizan unos valores por encima de otros cuando existe un conflicto.

Asimismo, los valores que se consideran más importantes son aquellos que engloban un significado más amplio o complejo. Por ejemplo, el valor del amor contiene el valor de la amistad.

De allí que estos valores fungen como fuente de motivación y condicionan la toma de decisiones y las acciones del ser humano.

Vea también Escala de valores.

Importancia de los valores

Los valores conforman las bases para alcanzar el bienestar personal y general de todos quienes nos rodean, por lo que se consideran importantes por varias razones.

Se relacionan con nuestros comportamientos desde el punto de vista personal, familiar, laboral y social, aunque su jerarquía de importancia varíe en cada uno de estos aspectos.

Por ejemplo, con nuestros seres queridos aplicamos ciertos valores como el amor, la comunicación y la gratitud, para establecer una sana convivencia y el respeto mutuo.

En la escuela o el trabajo podemos aplicar diversos valores sociales, actuando desde la responsabilidad y el respeto con aquellos que nos rodean.

Incluso, si nos referimos a nuestra comunidad, también hacemos uso de valores como la tolerancia y la solidaridad para establecer vínculos positivos con nuestros vecinos.

La importancia de los valores reside en reconocer los principios que rigen nuestros comportamientos y sentimientos, y que nos motivan a ser cada día mejores personas.

Los valores también son importantes porque sirven de guía para tomar las decisiones correctas ante los diversos acontecimientos de la vida, y nos permiten responsabilizarnos de nuestros actos.

Vea también:

• Valor
• Los 11 tipos de valores fundamentales en la sociedad
• Antivalores
• Responsabilidad

Cómo citar: (30/08/2022). «Valores». En: Significados.com. Disponible en: https://www.significados.com/valores/ Consultado:

Courage — Wikipedia

Not to be confused with masculinity.

This term has other meanings, see Courage (meanings).

«Courage» redirects here. On this topic, you need to create a separate article.

Courage — calm courage, presence of mind in trouble, danger; mental fortitude and courage; in general, a set of qualities expected from a man.

Sandro Botticelli, Courage (Fortitudo — Fortitudo). nine0003

Courage Andrey, son of Georgiev.

Courage belligerents. Attack of the position by the Russian regiment, musicians in front.

Courage is one of the virtues that reflects moral strength in overcoming fear. Courage often appears as the ability to endure suffering, including physical pain. Higher spiritual courage — valor ^[1] , and valor inherent in the hero, extraordinary courage — Heroism ^[2] .

Contents

• 1 In antiquity
• 2 In the Middle Ages
• 3 New time
• 4 In military affairs
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes
• 7 Literature

In antiquity courage was considered as one of the four main virtues (together with moderation, wisdom and justice).

According to Aristotle, courage is overcoming the fear of death and the willingness to pay for the virtue of behavior by risking one’s own life: «Whoever meaningfully rushes into danger for the sake of goodness and is not afraid of it is courageous, and this is courage.» According to Aristotle, courage is the only worthy way to behave in battle; which is why the idea of ​​him as a specifically male virtue came about (Greek ἀνδρεία, as in Russian, is the same root as the word “man”).
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Courage was used as an ethical justification for the existence of aristocratic classes through military activities; For Plato, courage is the virtue of the guardian class. Among the Romans, courage (lat. virtus) is a synonym not only for military prowess, but also for virtue in general, another source states that the ancient Roman “virtus” denotes both courage and virtue at the same time ^[3] .

Courage ( fortitudo ) remained the basic virtue of medieval chivalry, directly related to honor. Courage was one of the four cardinal virtues. Thomas Aquinas called fear the opposite of courage ( timor ), but the extreme form of fearlessness ( audacia ) carries the features of recklessness. Courage is characterized by patience ( patientia ), as well as constancy, fortitude, indomitability, perseverance and firmness, combined in the term constantia . And effeminacy is hostile to him ( mollities ).

In the course of the transition to an industrial society (modern times), the value of courage falls, as «the industrial spirit has triumphed over the military and aristocratic spirit» (Nietzsche). In the ethics of modern times, courage becomes secondary or even acquires a negative connotation: thus, Hobbes considers the fear of death as a useful force for establishing peace. Spinoza places courage at the bottom of the list of «affects». According to Kant, courage is the ability to «dare what duty dictates»; Kant notes that the fear of mockery requires more courage to overcome than the battle. Among the well-known philosophers of modern times, one Nietzsche tried unsuccessfully to regain courage for the leading role in ethics.
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Now courage is often used simply as a synonym for universal moral firmness, and loses the meaning of male virtue (for example, the phrase «courageous woman» in many languages ​​- including Russian — does not contain a contradiction). This is facilitated by modern theories and practical experiences of non-violence, when non-violent struggle is seen as more courageous than violent (Mahatma Gandhi).

In military affairs, courage is regularly shown by military personnel ^[4] in extreme situations, for example, during military (combat) operations, therefore courage is associated with armed confrontation. In many states and countries there are state (departmental) awards (insignia), with the name — «For Courage» or the Order of Courage ^[5] .

• Wiktionary meanings
• Wikiquotes
• Wikisource texts
• Wikimedia Commons media

• Virtue
• Femininity
• Masculinity
• Bushido
• Dharma
• Karma

1. ↑ Valor // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: in 4 volumes / ed. V. I. Dal. — 2nd ed. — St. Petersburg. : Printing house of M. O. Wolf, 1880-1882.
2. ↑ Heroism // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 volumes — St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
3. ↑ Bushido // Military encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky … [and others]. — nine0118 SPb. ; [ M. ] : Typ. collection of I. D. Sytin, 1911-1915.
4. ↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1578 «On awarding state awards of the Russian Federation to military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and civilians», dated August 26, 2000.
5. ↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 830 “On awarding the Order of Courage to L. E. Tilidze”, dated July 31, 2002.

• Musvo // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: in 4 volumes / ed. V. I. Dal. — 2nd ed. — nine0118 SPb. : Printing house of M. O. Wolf, 1880-1882.
• Valor // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: in 4 volumes / ed. V. I. Dal. — 2nd ed. — St. Petersburg. : Printing house of M. O. Wolf, 1880-1882.
• To masculine // Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: in 4 volumes / ed. V. I. Dal. — 2nd ed. — St. Petersburg. : Printing house of M. O. Wolf, 1880-1882.
• Heroism // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 volumes — St. Petersburg. nine0119 , 1907-1909.
• Iapetus // Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities / ed. F. Lübker; Edited by members of the Society of Classical Philology and Pedagogy F. Gelbke, L. Georgievsky, F. Zelinsky, V. Kansky, M. Kutorga and P. Nikitin. — St. Petersburg. , 1885.
• Bushido // Military encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky … [and others]. — St. Petersburg. ; [ M. ] : Typ. collection of I. D. Sytin, 1911-1915.
• Edited by A.A. Ivin. nine0014 Courage // Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. — M. : Gardariki (Russian) . — 2004.
• Definitions of Courage in Plato’s Socratic Dialogues (in English).
• Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1578 «On the awarding of state awards of the Russian Federation to military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and civilians», dated August 26, 2000.
• Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 830 «On awarding the Order of Courage to L. E. Tilidze», dated July 31, 2002. nine0044

a housewife turned the Russian history in the Chinese Wiki into a fake / Sudo Null IT News

In mid-June 2022, a scandal shook the Chinese Wikipedia. It turned out that the huge layers of her texts on the history of the principalities of medieval Rus’ were a grandiose fake, written for about three years.

This is nothing less than the largest historical falsification in the history of the entire multilingual Wikipedia. This has happened before — hitherto the most famous wiki fake was considered to be a 15-year-old article on the English-language Wikipedia about the Konzentrationslager Warschau concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Warsaw … which never existed in reality. nine0003

The scale of the fake in the Chinese Wikipedia turned out to be much larger. Millions of written words, over 4800 edits, 206 partially or completely falsified articles. To be honest, at first I thought the whole story was fake — the first sites that wrote about the «fake of the century» seemed not very solid. However, the story was described in detail in a special article on the Chinese Wikipedia. In the same place (you can use auto-translation into Russian or English) there is a complete list of pages affected by the fake, some of which have already been removed — as fake a little more than completely. nine0003

Well, now there are publications on much more reputable news sites, Chinese and foreign. Some even used this as an excuse to once again remind the citizens of the PRC that there is no need to go to Wikipedia blocked by official Beijing and its “Golden Shield”: there are only fakes there, responsible comrades told you. Go, comrades, only to resources officially approved by the Party and the government, for example, to the Hudong or Baidu encyclopedia.

The user with the nickname “Zhemao” (折毛), as far as we know, a housewife without a higher history education, turned out to be guilty of everything. For many years, from her main and three other fake accounts on the Chinese Wikipedia, she diligently “developed” the history of the confrontation between the Moscow and Tver principalities based on her own fantasies. At the same time, the information on her main account said that she, a Chinese woman with Manchu roots, was the daughter of a Chinese diplomat who worked in Russia. And she herself, «having received a higher historical education, married a Russian and even took Russian citizenship.» nine0003

Zhemao started in 2010 by editing historical articles, such as those about the greatest corrupt figure in Chinese history, Nyuhuru Hesheng. Then, already in 2012, she moved on to articles on Russian history, taking up Tsar Alexander I. Well, in 2019 she got to medieval Russian history. Many sources erroneously indicate that she wrote all this for ten years — but those who dug deeper report that the «same» fake was created only three years before it was discovered.

There is still a lot of obscurity in this story. According to Zhemao in a penitential post, in fact, she has lived all her life in China, is a housewife and does not have a higher education. Why she was interested in the exotic and distant for the Chinese history of the confrontation between Moscow and Tver in the XIV century — Zhemao does not write. And her explanations of how she came to such a life that she created a colossal fake are inconsistent and strange. However, the point may be that the existing systems for automatic translation from Chinese into English, and even more so Russian, are still very imperfect … and this is precisely what Zhemao calls one of the reasons for his adventure. nine0003

According to one version, Zhemao could have been carried away by the Chinese intellectual game «Wenyo» (文游): it involves the exchange of theses, which are checked by the presenter just about a solid online encyclopedia, for example, Wikipedia. And since Wikipedia can be edited, why not tweak a little interesting articles about the distant past of distant exotic principalities?

According to her, it all started with attempts to honestly supplement the relevant Chinese Wikipedia articles by auto-translating Wikipedia articles in Russian and, for some reason, Vietnamese. At the same time, she practically knew neither Russian, nor Vietnamese, nor English. Translations — this was ten years ago, and their quality was even more deplorable — were obtained in many respects in the genre of «spoiled telephone». Over time, she began to understand that she wrote out of ignorance and because of machine translation errors a lot of game … but she was ashamed to admit it. And buying real historical books in Chinese is expensive (Zhamao writes in a penitential post that her family is heavily in debt, including mortgages). Instead of turning to specialists or trying to fix everything on her own, Zhemao began to try to connect missing or broken ends with incorrect translations, relying more and more on her own fantasies rather than sources. And probably the experience of watching a variety of historical dramas. nine0003

“Tver silver coins from the Kashensky mines, 1370”

The result reminded me of what the Russian-language text generator ruGPT-3 gives to requests like “The history of Smolensk has more than a thousand years.” In response, the neural network creates narratives that explode the historian’s brain, where real facts, names and titles are in a bizarre surreal mixture with complete nonsense. So, ruGPT-3 in its versions of Smolensk history reported that “in 1610, the leader of the people’s militia, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, and the hero of the people’s liberation movement, Kuzma Minin, were exiled and killed in Smolensk”, the city “is first mentioned in the annals of 1330, when, according to According to legend, on the banks of the Dnieper, Prince Boris, after an unsuccessful war with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, fled to Smolensk with his son and daughter-in-law, and “at 19In 1941, a powerful synthetic rubber factory arose. All these statements are wild nonsense, but they look quite convincing for a third-party non-professional.
The fairy tales of Aunt Zhemao looked about as convincing to the Chinese reader. They revolved around the idea of ​​a «two-hundred-year war between Moscow and Tver over the silver mines in Kashen.» The principalities of Moscow and Tver were indeed in conflict for almost two hundred years — but they fought for the favor of the khans of the Golden Horde and leadership in the Russian lands. No grandiose silver mines between Moscow and Tver have ever existed in our reality. nine0003

But in the «world of Zhemao» and, accordingly, in the Chinese Wikipedia, they were almost the main axis of medieval Russian history. Probably, the city of Kashen / Kashen originally meant the real ancient city of Kashin, now located in the north-east of the Tver region, but instead of editing the article about Kashin, Zhemao created a separate article about «Kashen silver mines».

According to the history of Zhemao, in 1344, huge deposits of silver were discovered in the aforementioned Kashen. At the peak of the development of the precious metal, the colossal for the Middle Ages «10,000 hired workers and 30,000 slaves» worked at the deposit. Naturally, the Moscow princes set out to «squeeze» a useful find from their Tver colleagues, and away we go. Only at the end of the 15th century did Moscow manage to “squeeze” Tver and acquire the legendary mines, which were depleted only by the middle of the 18th century. nine0003

Almost the entire real history of the confrontation between Moscow and Tver in the XIV-XV centuries was rewritten under the story of the struggle for the «Kashen silver mines» in the Chinese Wikipedia. For this «Game of Thrones», Zhemao invented new characters that never existed in our world, rewrote the biographies of real ones, or gave her characters the names of people from other times. She came up with many details, up to monetary units that did not exist in reality, types of clothing and cutlery. Such “historical events and personalities” appear in her “world” such as the Battle of Tyumen in 1607, the grandiose “Tatar uprising” (at a time when the Russian principalities were still paying tribute to the Horde), the Dorogobuzh War, Mufti Orgeta, Khan Hutan son of Toyan , and so on. nine0003

To “substantiate” her edits, she gave solid-looking references — for example, to a non-existent Chinese translation of “The History of Russia from Ancient Times” by the famous 19th-century historian Sergei Solovyov. Or on “page 200” of a 43-page brochure about the history of Tatarstan.

Zhemao, for greater solidity, got herself several fakes, from which she claimed that she was a real expert in Russian history they knew. Not for the first time, reinforced concrete self-confidence and a little cunning allowed an outright swindler to look solid and authoritative. On Zhemao’s now-deleted Chinese Wikipedia account, some quite reputable authors, perhaps even historians, even awarded her «stars» for her professionalism and contribution to the development of historical sections

Some of Zhemao’s edits look like outright mockery or absurdity for the sake of absurdity. Well, why was it necessary to write that Roborovsky’s steppe hamsters, discovered in 1894, “were bred for food purposes and as experimental animals”?

Roborovsky’s hamster wonders why it should be bred for food purposes

Everything was revealed quite recently, in mid-June 2022. Yi Fan, the author of novels in the genre of alternative history, went to study the history of medieval Russian principalities for the next plot. Since he was well versed in history, and was used to checking Wikipedia information, he was somewhat surprised by what he read about the “silver mines of Kashen”. And Fan turned to his Russian-speaking acquaintances with a request to clarify the information … and found out that Russian sources do not report any silver mines in Kashen, or at least Kashin. nine0003

Along the way, Yi Fan noticed that some articles about this time in the Chinese Wikipedia for some reason turn out to be much more detailed than in the Russian one — which only strengthened suspicions. He was no less alarmed by the fact that the “Kasheng silver mines” of the 14th century for some reason worked with methods of extracting precious metals that appeared only in the modern era: Zhemao was not very versed in technological processes, and, apparently, took the first terms that came across.

When the fake and its grandiosity were revealed, there was a lot of noise in the Chinese sector of Twitter and in the PRC Weibo (the Chinese Wikipedia is common to the PRC, Taiwan, Hong Kong and overseas Chinese communities, moreover, due to the long blocking and the existence of alternative official wikis). there are quite a few projects of users from China in it). Head-hungry Wikipedia administrators and Chinese-speaking historians urgently staged a review of the relevant articles and sections, cleaning up all Zhemao’s edits. Her Chinese accounts were deleted, and in English she posted the already mentioned penitential post (in Chinese, since, according to her, she does not know any language other than Chinese). nine0003

However, while some cursed Zhemao’s irresponsibility, others called her «Chinese Borges»: by the name of the famous master of postmodern literature and the creator of fictional worlds, it is enough to recall «Tlön, Ukbar, Orbis Tertius». Russian-speaking commentators resorted to another definition: «Chinese Fomenko.