Working zip code: Random Zip Codes — US City Postal Codes

Display numbers as postal codes, Social Security numbers, or phone numbers

Excel provides special number formats for postal codes, Social Security numbers, and phone numbers. If these don’t meet your needs, you can create and apply your own custom number format.

Apply a predefined postal code format to numbers


  1. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to format.

  2. On the Home tab, next to General, in the Number Format box  , click the arrow, and then click More Number Formats.

  3. In the Type list, click Zip Code or Zip Code + 4.

    Note: These special number formats are available only if the Location (Language) is set to United States (English). Different locales provide different or no special number formats for postal codes.

Create a custom postal code format


If the special postal code formats don’t meet your needs, you can create a custom postal code format.

Important: Custom number formats affect only the way a number is displayed and do not affect the underlying value of the number. Custom number formats are stored in the active workbook and are not available to new workbooks that you open.

  1. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to format.

  2. On the Home tab, next to General, in the Number Format box  , click the arrow, and then click More Number Formats.

  3. In the Format Cells dialog box, under Category, click Custom.

  4. org/ListItem»>

    In the Type list, select the number format that you want to customize. The code used for the number format appears in the Type box above the Type list.

    Tip: To customize the predefined Zip Code + 4 format, select 00000-0000 in the Type list. When you select a built-in number format in the Type list, Excel creates a copy of that number format that you can customize.

  5. In the Type box, make the necessary changes to the selected number format.

    Tip: If a range of cells contains both five-digit and nine-digit ZIP codes, you can enter [<=99999]00000;00000-0000 to display both types of ZIP Codes correctly in the worksheet.

Include leading characters in postal codes


You can format a cell or range of cells to display leading characters so that the postal code is preceded by enough characters to fill the cell’s width. For example, you can use zeros or dashes to display a postal code as follows: 0000000 98052 or ——- 98052.

Important: Custom number formats affect only the way a number is displayed and do not affect the underlying value of the number. Custom number formats are stored in the active workbook and are not available to new workbooks that you open.

  1. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to format.

  2. On the Home tab, next to Number in the Number Format box  , click the arrow, and then click More Number Formats.

  3. org/ListItem»>

    In the Format Cells dialog box, under Category, click Custom.

  4. In the Type box, type *0 followed by the postal code format that you want to use.

    Tip: For example, for a 5-digit postal code, type *0#####

Display Social Security numbers in full


  1. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to format.

  2. org/ListItem»>

    On the Home tab, next to Number in the Number Format box  , click the arrow, and then click More Number Formats.

  3. In the Format Cells dialog box, under Category, click Special.

  4. In the Type list, click Social Security Number.

    Note: This special number format is available only if the Location (Language) is set to United States (English). Different locales provide different or no special number formats for Social Security numbers.

Display only the last few digits of Social Security numbers


For common security measures, you may want to display only the last few digits of a Social Security number and replace the rest of the digits with zeros or other characters. You can do this by using a formula that includes the CONCATENATE and RIGHT functions. This procedure assumes that the complete Social Security numbers are located in one column and that you have a second column where you will display only the last few digits of the Social Security numbers.

Important: To prevent other people from viewing an entire Social Security number, you can first hide the column that contains that number, and then protect the worksheet so that unauthorized users cannot unhide the data. As a best practice, you may want to avoid storing complete Social Security numbers in your workbooks. Instead, store the full Social Security numbers in a location that meets stringent security standards (for example, a database program), and then use only the last four digits of the numbers in your workbooks.

  1. org/ListItem»>

    In an empty column, click in the first cell.

  2. On the Formulas tab, click Insert Function, type TEXT, and then type CONCATENATE.

  3. In the Formula Bar, edit the formula so that it looks like this:


    =CONCATENATE(«000-00-«, RIGHT(<CELL1>:<CELLn>,4))

    where <CELL1> is the first cell (for example, A1) and <CELLn> is the last cell (for example, A10) in the range of cells that contain the Social Security numbers.

    Excel displays the «000-00-« text string instead of the first 5 digits of the Social Security number and combines it with the last four digits of the Social Security number (for example, 000-00-1234).

  4. In the cell that contains the formula, drag the fill handle down the column to populate the remaining cells in the range.

Display numbers as a phone number


  1. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to format.

  2. org/ListItem»>

    On the Home tab, next to Number in the Number Format box  , click the arrow, and then click More Number Formats.

  3. In the Format Cells dialog box, under Category, click Special.

  4. In the Type list, click Phone Number.

    Note: This special number format is available only if the Location (Language) is set to United States (English). Different locales provide different or no special number formats for phone numbers.

Apply a predefined postal code format to numbers


    org/ItemList»>

  1. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to format.

  2. On the Home tab, under Number, on the Number Format pop-up menu  , click Custom.

  3. In the Format Cells dialog box, under Category, click Special.

  4. In the Type list, click Zip Code or Zip Code + 4.

    Note: These special number formats are available only if the Location (Language) is set to United States (English). Different locales provide different or no special number formats for postal codes.

Create a custom postal code format


If the special postal code formats don’t meet your needs, you can create a custom postal code format.

Important: Custom number formats affect only the way a number is displayed and do not affect the underlying value of the number. Custom number formats are stored in the active workbook and are not available to new workbooks that you open.

  1. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to format.

  2. org/ListItem»>

    On the Home tab, under Number, on the Number Format pop-up menu  , click Custom.

  3. In the Format Cells dialog box, under Category, click Custom.

  4. In the Type list, select the number format that you want to customize. The code used for the number format appears in the Type box above the Type list.

    Tip: To customize the predefined Zip Code + 4 format, select 00000-0000 in the Type list. When you select a built-in number format in the Type list, Excel creates a copy of that number format that you can customize.

  5. In the Type box, make the necessary changes to the selected number format.

    Tip: If a range of cells contains both five-digit and nine-digit ZIP codes, you can enter [<=99999]00000;00000-0000 to display both types of ZIP Codes correctly in the worksheet.

Include leading characters in postal codes


You can format a cell or range of cells to display leading characters so that the postal code is preceded by enough characters to fill the cell’s width. For example, you can use zeros or dashes to display a postal code as follows: 0000000 98052 or ——- 98052.

Important: Custom number formats affect only the way a number is displayed and do not affect the underlying value of the number. Custom number formats are stored in the active workbook and are not available to new workbooks that you open.

  1. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to format.

  2. On the Home tab, under Number, on the Number Format pop-up menu  , click Custom.

  3. In the Format Cells dialog box, under Category, click Custom.

  4. org/ListItem»>

    In the Type box, type *0 followed by the postal code format that you want to use.

    Tip: For example, for a 5-digit postal code, type *0#####

Display Social Security numbers in full


  1. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to format.

  2. On the Home tab, under Number, on the Number Format pop-up menu  , click Custom.

  3. org/ListItem»>

    In the Format Cells dialog box, under Category, click Special.

  4. In the Type list, click Social Security Number.

    Note: This special number format is available only if the Location (Language) is set to United States (English). Different locales provide different or no special number formats for Social Security numbers.

Display only the last few digits of Social Security numbers


For common security measures, you may want to display only the last few digits of a Social Security number and replace the rest of the digits with zeros or other characters. You can do this by using a formula that includes the CONCATENATE and RIGHT functions. This procedure assumes that the complete Social Security numbers are located in one column and that you have a second column where you will display only the last few digits of the Social Security numbers.

Important: To prevent other people from viewing an entire Social Security number, you can first hide the column that contains that number, and then protect the worksheet so that unauthorized users cannot unhide the data. As a best practice, you may want to avoid storing complete Social Security numbers in your workbooks. Instead, store the full Social Security numbers in a location that meets stringent security standards (for example, a database program), and then use only the last four digits of the numbers in your workbooks.

  1. In an empty column, click in the first cell.

  2. On the Formulas tab, under Function, click Insert, point to Text, and then click CONCATENATE.

  3. In the Formula Bar, edit the formula so that it looks like this:


    =CONCATENATE(«000-00-«, RIGHT(<CELL1>:<CELLn>,4))

    where <CELL1> is the first cell (for example, A1) and <CELLn> is the last cell (for example, A10) in the range of cells that contain the Social Security numbers.

    Excel displays the «000-00-« text string instead of the first 5 digits of the Social Security number and combines it with the last four digits of the Social Security number (for example, 000-00-1234).

  4. In the cell that contains the formula, drag the fill handle down the column to populate the remaining cells in the range.

Display numbers as a phone number


  1. Select the cell or range of cells that you want to format.

  2. org/ListItem»>

    On the Home tab, under Number, on the Number Format pop-up menu  , click Custom.

  3. In the Format Cells dialog box, under Category, click Special.

  4. In the Type list, click Phone Number.

    Note: This special number format is available only if the Location (Language) is set to United States (English). Different locales provide different or no special number formats for phone numbers.






Number format codes


Create and apply a custom number format


Display dates, times, currency, fractions, or percentages


Highlight patterns and trends with conditional formatting


Display or hide zero values


CONCATENATE function


RIGHT, RIGHTB functions


ZIP Codes: The wrong tool for the job

ZIP code inaccuracy in sales tax management

Like using a tricycle to commute to work, using ZIP codes to determine tax rates is a mistake. Originally intended to help mail delivery by identifying geographic areas and zones, ZIP codes lack the accuracy sales tax compliance requires. Overcharge customers by assigning a higher sales tax rate, they’ll get angry and complain or shop elsewhere. Undercharge customers and you’ll find yourself owing a hefty tax bill at some point down the line. ZIP codes lack the city-by-city, street-bystreet, sometimes house-by-house variance in sales tax rates.

Greenwood Village, CO sales tax jurisdictions

One zip code, four sales tax rates

Take Greenwood Village, Colorado. If you’re a business with a taxable sale in Greenwood Village, and you use a generic look-up tool to find the correct sales tax rate, you’d enter the address and then ZIP code 80111. You’ll be given the sales tax rate of 7.72%.

In fact, Greenwood Village has one ZIP code, but four different sale tax rates. When a blunt instrument like ZIP codes is employed to determine sales tax rates and boundaries, calculation mistakes are almost guaranteed. Unlike more accurate tools with geolocation technology, ZIP codes lead otherwise savvy business people to conclude they’ve got sales tax compliance handled, when in fact they’re using the wrong rates most of the time.

ZIP codes: a relic from the past

The U.S. Postal Service developed Zone Improvement Plan, or ZIP codes, in the 1960s for the sole purpose of accurately and efficiently delivering the mail. These zones often overlap, or become subsets of other ZIP codes, or represent no geographic region at all. They can also be adjusted. In any given year, the USPS makes numerous boundary changes to ZIP code areas, making them an unstable data source.

Basing sales tax rates on a ZIP code risks applying not only an incorrect sales tax rate but remitting it to the incorrect jurisdiction. This can increase your company’s risk of audit and associated penalties, fines, and fees.

Multiple taxing jurisdictions within a single ZIP code

Even though sales tax rates are typically set at the state level, some states authorize county, city, or local taxing districts to set their own rates and rules. With so many jurisdictions generating rates, rules, and boundaries, sales tax compliance can be a nightmare for businesses. When businesses sell into new states, they must track even more rates, rules, and boundaries. As another example, consider Savannah, Georgia.

Ted’s Fishing Gear sells tackle and rods out of a warehouse in Savannah, Georgia. They ship to customers in several towns including Loganville, Georgia represented by ZIP code 30052. Using a fictitious address, let’s say employee Ted Jones enters this 30052 location into a generic look-up tool, which tells him the correct sales tax rate to charge Sam is 7%. This sales tax rate is incorrect.

If Ted had availed himself of a look-up tool containing geolocation, such as salestax.avalara.com, he’d know that the correct rate to charge Sam is actually 6%. Zip code 30052 covers an area that includes four counties, each with a different sales tax rate. This is not uncommon. Unless the online tool you choose includes geolocation, you’re very likely to be given inaccurate information.

Don’t use scissors to trim your lawn

Identifying the taxing jurisdiction associated with your company’s taxable transactions is one of the key components of sales tax compliance. Don’t waste your time with ZIP codes, when a pinpointed methodology is available.

Avalara AvaTax, our automated sales tax calculation service uses proprietary geolocation technology to validate an address and match it to our nationwide database of tax regions. Avalara’s tax data is researched and maintained by our compliance team, so the rates and boundaries are always up-to-date. In addition, our solutions easily manage complex tax issues such as nexus, exemptions, product taxability, sourcing rules, split rates, sales tax holidays, tax caps/thresholds and more.

Why use scissors to trim your lawn, when the latest and greatest self-propelled mower is only feet away?

Avalara is here to help you with sales tax compliance

Guessing and estimating sales tax rates increases your audit risk. Why take a chance, when better, faster, more efficient technology to get sales tax right is available?

Our online sales tax calculator uses addresses as well as geolocation to determine the exact point of the taxable transaction. Taxation services that use geolocation offer greater precision than a single 5-digit zip code.

Once you’ve put away the generic ZIP code look-up tools, you’re ready to take your company’s sales tax compliance efforts into the 21st Century. Avalara’s transactional tax solutions ensure accuracy with full end-to-end sales tax automation, including returns filing and payment remittance.

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