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About san juan: History & Culture – San Juan National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)

History of San Juan

It’s been no easy ride for Puerto Rico, a land
rich in history. Trials and tribulations have paved the historic roadways
for its people. Their courage to continue to strive forward, to face new
challenges and constantly battle for progress after periods of defeat and
grief demonstrates the greatness of the Puerto Rican people.

Archaic/Igneris Period
First to 5th Centuries A.D.

History has proven that the Archaics (nomadic descendants from the
North American Indians) were the first inhabitants of the island we now
know as Puerto Rico. Not much is known of their culture leaving very
little in the way of a legacy. The Igneri people followed, sailing in from
what is now Venezuela, with many skills and advancements. This
civilization built advanced canoes and use the soil to make pottery.

The Taíno People
From 1400 to 1492

After the Igneri era, the Arawaks inhabited Puerto Rico. They were
known as the Taínos, a peaceful people armed with expert agricultural
skills. Historians and archaeologists have uncovered their rich culture,
which is now remembered at the Tibes & Caguana Ceremonial Parks, in
the municipalities of Ponce and Utuado, respectively. Many of today’s
Puerto Ricans are allegedly descendants of the Taínos.

European Discovery & Conquest
From 1493 to 1521

On the 19th of November 1493, Christopher Colombus first sighted the
western shore of Puerto Rico. Some of his Spanish crew landed, but then
left shortly thereafter. It wasn’t until 1508 when Juan Ponce de León and
50 compatriots arrived, that things changed. They established a small
community, called Caparra, near what is known today as Guaynabo. By 1511,
the Spanish began to move to a small islet across the bay from Caparra,
which they fortified. It was first called Puerto Rico, while the country
itself was called San Juan. The names were later reversed, as we know them
today. In 1518, due to the critical situation of lack of workers (the
Taínos were exterminated, via wars and diseases), African slaves were
brought to the island.

The Spanish Years
From 1522 to 1898

During the almost 400 years of Spanish dominance, San Juan experienced
sporadic growth. Conditions of life in the city were controlled mainly by
what was happening back home, on the Spanish peninsula. During this
period, San Juan was heavily fortified with walled forts such as El Morro
and San Cristóbal. The Spaniards suffered numerous crippling attacks by
English and Dutch military units, yet San Juan remained a stronghold.
During the 1800s, an independence movement took hold, with its peak in the
1868s, namely, “Grito de Lares.” This revolt attempted to free
the island from Spanish dominance. By 1873, slavery was completely
abolished and Spain was granting Puerto Rico autonomy, just as the
Spanish-American war exploded and U. S. troops invaded the island.

Enter the United States
From 1899 to 1951

After the Spanish-American war, several changes were made in San Juan.
No longer did the Spanish flag fly over the land as the Star-Spangled
Banner was now de rigour. Governors appointed by the U.S. President lived
in La Fortaleza and the little island country endured very hard times.
During this period two key laws, the Foraker Act of 1900 and the Jones Act
of 1917, granted Puerto Ricans self-government and American citizenship.
The Prohibition and the Great Depression caused further havoc in the city
with smuggling and bootlegging. Puerto Rico participated in the first and
second World Wars as American citizens while screaming for autonomy.

Commonwealth Era
From 1952 to Today

Local leader Luis Muñoz Marín had become governor of the island,
thanks to a 1947 act which granted free elections for that post. At first,
he promoted independence for the island, but sensing that the option would
not offer the best for his people, Muñoz opted for a degree of
self-autonomy is called the Estado Libre Asociado (Associated Free State),
a commonwealth of the United States. Under this status, Puerto Ricans do
not vote in U.S. Presidential elections nor have representation in
Congress (aside from a nonvoting member) and paid no federal taxes, yet
they received federal financial aid. “Operation Bootstrap,”
under the leadership of Muñoz Marín’s government, converted the island’s
industry from an agricultural to manufacture-based. The island, for better
or worse, experienced enormous development in a number of sectors.

Contemporary Puerto Rico

Puerto Ricans today have the highest per-capita income in Latin America
and have one of the most stable economies of the hemisphere. The standards
of living are higher than most other Latin countries, but still lag behind
the U. S. The island has a tri-party system; the PDP (Popular Democratic
Party) defends commonwealth (the party was founded by Muñoz Marín), the
NPP (New Progressive Party), advocates statehood, and the much smaller PIP
(Puerto Rican Independence Party). The first two parties have constantly
switched in power since 1968. Today, most Puerto Ricans enjoy prosperity
and still strive to improve their standard of living.

Film buffs will appreciate knowing that Puerto Rico has produced a bit
of film history here — José Ferrer was born in San Juan in 1912, and
famous on screens worldwide. An actor, producer and director, Ferrer won
an Oscar for his performance in Cyrano de Bergerac.

In 1961, the film, West Side Story launched Rita Moreno to stardom The
film version won an Oscar in 1961 and became a classic Broadway musical,
still loved today. Moreno was born in Humacao, Puerto Rico in 1931.

Another famous actor from Puerto Rico is Raul Julia, born in San Juan
in 1940. He ventured first to New York to join an acting troupe before
playing Romero character in The Adams Family and roles in The Kiss of the
Spider Woman, Moon over Parador, Havana, Tequila Sunrise and One from the
Heart.

History – Mission San Juan Capistrano

Mission San Juan Capistrano, historic landmark and museum, is the Birthplace of Orange County. It was founded more than two hundred years ago as the 7th of 21 missions statewide and features a chapel still standing where Saint Serra once celebrated Mass. Today, it is a monument to California’s multi-cultural history, embracing its Native American, Spanish, Mexican and European heritage. Originally built as a self sufficient community by Spanish Padres and Native Americans, the Mission was a center for agriculture, industry, education and religion.Famous for the Annual Return of the Swallows, Mission San Juan Capistrano is the “Jewel of the California Missions” and welcomes over 300,000 visitors each year.

About Mission San Juan Capistrano

Mission San Juan Capistrano has been home to many people over its 240 years of history. Its history consists of memories and stories of its past inhabitants and present visitors. It is a place of historical, cultural, and religious significance, as well as a place of inspiration and education.

Mission San Juan Capistrano was permanently founded by Junipero Serra on November 1, 1776, as the seventh of 21 missions to be established in California by the Spanish. It had originally been started at the end of the October 1775, but it had to be abandoned after only a week. A Kumeyaay war party destroyed Mission San Diego at the beginning of November, and the soldiers were ordered back to San Diego to reinforce the garrison there. The priests had to go to San Diego with the Soldiers.

Mission San Juan Capistrano was established to expand the territorial boundaries of Spain and to spread Christianity to the native peoples of California. Missions and presidios (forts) were projected to be the major institutions for the spread of Spanish rule. Missions were to be agents of assimilation, convincing the native people to become Catholics and teaching them the fundamentals of Spanish agricultural and village life. The object was to transform them into self-sustaining Spanish subjects and members of the colonial order. Presidios were to protect the missions from hostile natives and also to protect the territory from potential incursion by Russia or other European powers.

Mission San Juan Capistrano’s establishment in 1776 meant many changes and challenges for the indigenous Acjachemen (Ah-HAWSH-eh-men). The Spanish people brought with them new types of technology, clothing, food, animals, and ideas. The missionaries encouraged the Acjachemen to learn about the Catholic faith and be baptized to join the Mission. However, officially joining the Mission meant the Acjachemen had to change almost everything about their life. They were required to change their culture, language, religion, work, clothing, food, and even their daily schedule.

The decision to join the missions was not always easy. California mission historian, Steven Hackel, explains with the Spanish arrival “came horses, mules, oxen and sheep, and they multiplied and thrived. They also devastated indigenous plants and animals, shaping much of California’s now iconic landscape of hillsides barren of all but oaks and dry grasses. The state’s indigenous people were forced to find new food sources, and many of them had little choice but to leave their villages for missions.”

Furthermore, living at the Mission also meant exposure to germs. With their arrival, the Spanish unintentionally exposed the Native Americans to illnesses such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, measles, and syphilis. Without modern medical knowledge, there was little success in preventing the spread of disease. Close quarters, poor sanitation, and the lack of natural immunity to common European diseases proved fatal for the indigenous population.

It is estimated that about 65,000 Native Americans lived in coastal zone of California (mission chain zone) in 1770 and by 1830 only 17,000 remained living, a decline of 74%.

After 1812, the Mission began to decline. Many factors were involved in the Missions decline including the earthquake in December of 1812 which caused the Great Stone Church to collapse, the decline in birth rate, the increasing mortality rate of the native population due to disease, the inability of Spanish government to adequately protect and supply the Missions with needed goods.

By 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, which made Alta California a territory of Mexico. Under new governmental direction, the Mission faced continued decline.

In 1845, Governor Pio Pico sold the Mission itself. The Mission was sold at auction to John Forster, Governor Pico’s brother-in-law.  For the next 20 years, the Mission was a private ranch property of the Forster family.

California became a state in 1850. California’s Catholic bishop, Joseph Alemany, petitioned the U.S. government to have mission buildings and lands returned to the Catholic Church. In 1865, President Abraham Lincoln returned the Mission to the Catholic Church.

Starting in the 1870s and throughout the early 1900s, artists, photographers, and visionaries took interest in the missions. Many community leaders joined the campaign for restoration. The Landmarks Club, led by Charles Lummis and resident padre Father St. John O’Sullivan were Mission San Juan Capistrano’s greatest proponents of preservation ushering in a new era for the landmark.

Swallows Legend

The miracle of the “Swallows” of Capistrano takes place each year at Mission San Juan Capistrano, on March 19th, St. Joseph’s Day. Swallows migrate 6,000 miles from Goya, Argentina to San Juan Capistrano in large groups.  The town of San Juan Capistrano welcomes visitors from all parts of the world to witness the return of the swallows, a tradition that has been celebrated since the early 1930s.

The Legend of the Cliff Swallows of Capistrano
In his book, Capistrano Nights, Father St. John O’Sullivan, Pastor of Mission San Juan Capistrano (1910-1933) tells the story of how the swallows came to call the Mission home.

One day, while walking through town, Father O’Sullivan saw a shopkeeper, broomstick in hand, knocking down the conically shaped mud swallow nests that were under the eaves of his shop. The birds were darting back and forth through the air squealingover the destruction of their homes.

“What in the world are you doing?” O’Sullivan asked.

“Why, these dirty birds are a nuisance and I am getting rid of them!” the shopkeeper responded.

“But where can they go?”

“I don’t know and I don’t care,” he replied, slashing away with his pole. “But they’ve no business here, destroying my property.”

Father O’Sullivan then said, “Come on swallows, I’ll give you shelter. Come to the Mission. There’s room enough there for all. ”

The very next morning, Father O’Sullivan discovered the swallows busy building their nests outsideFather Junípero Serra’s Church.

Join us for St. Joseph’s Day and Return of the Swallows Celebration annually on March 19th!

SwALLOWS STORY

Saint Junípero Serra (1713 – 1784)

Saint Junípero Serra, a Franciscan missionary born and raised in Mallorca, Spain, was appointed the Father President of the Alta California Mission’s in 1769. He had over 15 years of administrative and missionary experience in various parts of Mexico, including the Sierra Gorda.

Although Saint Serra was in his fifties and suffered from a chronic ulcerated condition in his leg when he was assigned to oversee the missions, he had uncompromising optimism in his efforts to convert Native Americans and colonize California. His personal motto was “Always Forward, Never Back.” Despite hardships, lack of supplies, squabbles with the military leaders, Saint Serra established 9 missions, and converted about 5,000 Native Americans before his death in 1784. He died and was buried at his headquarters Mission Carmel, just outside of Monterey.

Today we can see Saint Serra’s legacy by exploring Mission San Juan Capistrano’s grounds. Serra Chapel, named in his honor, is the last remaining mission church in which Saint Serra celebrated Mass. When he last visited in 1783, he walked and may have stayed in the South Wing Building, or the Padres’ Living Quarters. The Mission Treasure’s Exhibit also features the “Serra Vestment” which dates back to the 1770s, and was likely used by Saint Serra when he was here. Lastly, the Serra Statue located near the Bell Wall, just turned 100 years old; it was commissioned by Father John O’Sullivan in 1914 to honor Saint Serra who founded Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1776.

Saint Junípero Serra is considered one of the most important Spanish missionaries in the Americas. His historical significance is even represented in U.S. Capital Building’s Statuary Hall. Serra was chosen as one of two historically significant persons to represent the state of California.

EXPLORE EXHIBITS

Bell Ringing

Mission San Juan Capistrano’s oldest tradition is the ringing of the historic bells. This tradition is performed by a chosen few. The official bell ringer positions have only been occupied by a handful of men, since the late 1800s. The men who carry out this important ritual today are Michael Gastelum and Nathan Banda. Together they bring history to life by ringing the bells on designated feast days, holidays and community celebrations.

Four bells were originally cast for Mission San Juan Capistrano and each is named after a Saint (from largest to smallest these names are San Vincente, San Juan, San Antonio, and San Rafael). With the earthquake of 1812 and the collapse of the bell tower, they were relocated to a bell wall, or Campanario. However, the two largest bells, having sustained major damage in the towers collapse, would never ring the same way again.

Today, the original two largest bells (San Vicente and San Juan) hang in the footprint of the bell tower of the ruins of the Great Stone Church were they once hung. On the Bell Wall are two replica large bells, and the original two small bells (San Antonio and San Rafael) which are still rung today.

The historic bells ring every year on these dates:

· March 19 Feast Day of St. Joseph

· July 1 Feast Day of St. Serra

· September 11 Patriot’s Day

· September 17 Constitution Day

· September 23 St. Serra’s Canonization Day

· October 23 Feast Day of St. John of Capistrano

· November 1 Founder’s Day

· November 24 St. Serra’s Birthday

· December 8 Day of Remembrance, honoring the victims of the 1812 earthquake.

And also 7 times each day at 9:00 a.m. to honor the legacy of its founder St. Junípero Serra, who founded Mission San Juan Capistrano as the 7th of his 9 California missions. For more information, please visit our calendar.

VIEW CALENDAR

Preservation Remains Top Priority at the Mission

The Mission as we know it today would not be here without the long time support and preservation of the site. Preservation is as much about building and historical artifacts as it is about sharing information about the site.

Make a Donation

Support Mission San Juan Capistrano and Save!

Member benefits include free daily admission and other exclusive perks.

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90,000 weather in San Juan 14 days -weather.com

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San Juan

  • Weather for 1-7 days
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  • today
    4 Dec. 70%
    1.9 mm +27° / +21° 6 – 9
    m/s
  • tomorrow
    5 Dec. 70%
    1.1 mm +28° / +22° 6 – 9
    m/s
  • Tuesday
    6 Dec. 70%
    0.3 mm +28° / +23° 6 – 9
    m/s
  • Wednesday
    7 Dec. 90%
    2.5 mm +27° / +21° 7 – 11
    m/s
  • Thursday
    8 Dec. 80%
    0.5 mm +28° / +22° 6 – 10
    m/s
  • Friday
    9 Dec. 70%
    1.2 mm +28° / +23° 5 – 9
    m/s
  • Saturday
    10 Dec. 60%
    0.4 mm +26° / +20° 3 – 6
    m/s

Weather in San Juan today

, December 4

tomorrow

, December 5

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12:10 SUN

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Lunar calendar
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  • Sat 17 900 27 003
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Air quality in San Huana

Released O₃ (81 µg/M³)

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