Batey taino: Batey’s Roots & Culture | Batey Zipline Adventure – Conoce las especies de Puerto Rico

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March 4, 2023
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Batey taino: Batey’s Roots & Culture | Batey Zipline Adventure

Batey’s Roots & Culture | Batey Zipline Adventure

The Batey

The Batey was a sacred space for celebrations and meetings where Taíno Indians interacted socially through the ball game. These Bateyes, also called Plazas by archeologists, used to be constructed by Indians in different forms and shapes. Bateyes were commonly rectangles of different lengths and widths, and some shapes were squares and circles. It seems that the characteristics of the Bateyes were defined by the different constellations and seasons of the so-called “year.”

If you visit the Caguana Indigenous Ceremonial Park (in Utuado) on specific dates like solstices and equinoxes, it’s easy to find the sun dancing by some of the Bateyes during the same hours (especially at noon) every year. Other characteristics are that all of these Plazas are delimited by different rocks of different shapes, sizes, and types — mainly volcanic rocks, limestone, and metamorphic rocks. Batey Zipline Adventure invites you to celebrate with nature the enjoyment of that sacred space where you will learn and have fun with us in a responsible and safe way.

The Taíno Indians: Native Americans of the Caribbean

Who are the Taínos? The US Government says they are extinct, but they are not. Most likely you might know them as Latinos, a Spanish-speaking person of Latin American (the Spanish-speaking part of the Americas, south of the US) descent. Many, but not all, modern-day Taínos are unaware of their lineage. To understand how that could happen you must know the story from the beginning.

Approximately 1,500 years ago, the Arawak people of South America began migrating northward along the many scattered islands located between South and North America, an area we now refer to as the Caribbean. For a thousand years, their population grew and the people lived in harmony. The people covered all the islands of the Caribbean, the major ones as they are now known — Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola — as well as all the smaller ones — the Bahamas, Bimini, Jamaica, etc. Certain groups of island people identified themselves as Lokono, Lucayan, Carib, Ciboney, Arawak, but most islands were primarily inhabited by people who called themselves Taíno, which stood for “the good people” in their language. The different groups intermarried extensively to strengthen ties amongst themselves.

Their culture was beautiful. They were aware of a divine presence whom they called Yocahu; worshipping and giving thanks were major parts of their lives. They had a social order that provided the leaders and guidelines by which they all lived. They hunted, fished, cultivated crops, and ate the abundant fruits provided by nature. They were clever and ingenious and had everything they needed to survive. They had beautiful ceremonies that were held at various times — birth, death, marriage, harvest, naming, and coming of age, to name a few. They had a special reverence for the Earth Mother (Atabey) and had respect for all living things knowing that all living things are connected. There was little need for clothing due to the tropic heat, but upon reaching puberty, both males and females would wear a small woven loincloth. Puberty was also the time at which they were considered old enough to be married. The population estimates for the Taíno people at the height of their culture in 1492 are as high as 8,000,000!

The Taíno Indians: Native Americans of the Caribbean

America Ancient Stone Game Ball “Batey”, 500 Years Old

Pre-Columbian, Hispaniola, Arawak Peoples, Taino Native Indians, 1000 to 1500 CE.

This is a fine and important hand carved/pecked stone game ball (batey) from the Arawak Peoples of the Greater Antilles Islands. It is a choice and large example. It is finely incised on all planes with multiple stylized geometric motifs representing tattooing or scarification and faces, adding to the impressive aesthetic presence of this piece.

Batey (game) Batéy was the name given to a special plaza around which the Caribbean Taino built their settlements. It was usually a rectangular area surrounded by stones with carved symbols. The batey was the area in which batey events (e.g. ceremonies, the ball game, etc.) took place.

This form might have served as a marker or trophy symbol in a Taino inter- village ball game and ceremony. The exact purpose of ball games remain a mystery but they may have served to settle political disputes.

While the precise function of such objects remain somewhat a mystery- they continue to impress us with their bold abstract form and magical associations.

This remarkable sculpture is carved in a light colored iron rich hard stone like limestone. On the surfaces are finely incised stylized geometric motifs representing tattooing or scarification, adding to the impressive aesthetic presence of this piece.

A carving of this complexity, quality and size must have belonged to a chieftain or ranking member of the royal household. Although Taino left no written documents, Spanish settlers did record native practices and one account refers to special structures in which chieftains stored their Trove of zemi and other important carvings. The Taino believed in existence of afterlife and Shamanic ability to communicate with the dead. This sculpture may well have been present and on display in such a ceremony or perhaps a focus of ancestor worship. This remarkably evocative work allows us to peak into ancient splendors of their remarkable civilization.

Dimensions: 8.5 inches diameter

Hand-carved/pecked. Venerated. An important and scarce work of art from America’s Caribbean islands.

Provenance: Old Puerto Rico collection collected 1950s-1960s, Frank Vasquez

Taino History:

The Taino flourished from 1200-1500.
When Columbus arrived in America, the first people he encountered were the Taino People- inhabitants of the islands of the northern Caribbean Sea, known as Hispaniola. They were Arawakan-speaking people who at the time of Christopher Columbus’s exploration inhabited Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Once the most numerous indigenous people of the Caribbean, the Taino may have numbered several million at the time of the Spanish conquest in the late 15th century.
Their highly developed belief system focused on zemi ancestor or god worship. A zemi was the physical manifestation of a god, spirit or ancestor. The chieftain -caciques- encouraged ancestor worship and were often deified after death. The religious leaders or shamans were thought to be able to communicate with the souls of the dead when intoxicated by the hallucinogenic cohoba. A preoccupation with death is evident in many Taino art-forms and partly explains the prevalence of zoomorphic images. Bats, owls and frogs were all popular motifs and were regarded as harbingers of life after death. The Taino believed that the dead could be reborn in animal form and some believe animals were their earliest ancestors in Taino creation myth. hence we find their zoomorphic sculptures as combinations of human and animal forms particularly provocative and great conversational art. The creator god was known as Yúcahu Maórocoti, encouraging growth of staple foods, like cassava. The goddess was Attabeira, who regulated and dominated over water, rivers, and seas.

Their contribution to the Spanish includes Indian corn, tobacco, rubber balls to unique art and artifacts, plus a new vocabulary. Importantly, the Taino lasting effects on Western civilization, though through brief contact, was an important and lasting one.

Lifetime guarantee of authenticity: All of our works of art come with our Lifetime Authenticity Guarantee.

We have been dealing in authentic Japanese and Chinese Fine art, antiquities, garden ornaments, lanterns and water basins for 25 years. The president personally travels to Japan and China each year to meet his network partners who assist him in finding best examples. He personally inspects each antique work of art to ensure its old age, authenticity and quality condition. After accumulating a group, they are imported to Vermont and Maine in large containers. This method keeps shipping costs low and enables us to offer them to you at reasonable prices. We carefully pack and ship to clients all-over the USA and at reasonable shipping costs.

Taino (group of peoples) | it’s… What is the Taino (a group of peoples)?

This term has other meanings, see Taino.

Reconstruction of the Taino village in Cuba

Taino (Spanish: Taíno) is a collective designation of a number of Arawak tribes that inhabited the islands of Haiti, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, the Bahamas and a number of northern Lesser Antilles to the island of Guadeloupe at the time of the discovery of America. southeast. Among them are the classical Tainos in Haiti (except the extreme southwest), Puerto Rico and eastern Cuba, the western Tainos in central Cuba, the extreme southwest of Haiti, Jamaica and the Bahamas, and the eastern Tainos in the northern Lesser Antilles. This designation was introduced as an ethnonym in the 20th century. Before that, other ethnonyms were in use, such as Makori, Siguayi, Lukayo, Siboney, etc.

Ceramic Taino

Taino Ceremonial Park

1 Study history
2 Origin
- 2. 1 Terminology
3 Culture and lifestyle
4 Nutrition and agriculture
5 Technologies
6 Religion
7 Columbus and Taino
8 Colonization resistance
9 Taino heritage today

nine0022 10 See also

11 Notes
12 Literature
13 Links

History of study

Christopher Columbus, who discovered the country Taino in 1492, first believed that all the inhabitants of these islands speak the same language. He wrote: “On all these islands, I did not notice a great variety either in the appearance of people, or in their customs and language. On the contrary, they all understand each other…” ^[1] Later he himself realized that this was not so. This is known from the following historical fact: Ramon Pane, who lived on the island of Haiti in the fortress of Magdalena in the province inhabited by the Makori Indians, was instructed by Columbus to go to another province, to the cacique of Guariones. At the same time, Columbus allegedly told Pane that the Makori language was incomprehensible to the rest of the Indians of the island, while the language of the cacique Guariones was understood “throughout that land.” Since Pane knew only the Makori language, he went to Guariones with a Makori Indian who knew both local languages. In the works of Las Casas, one can find repeated references to three languages in Haiti. In his “History of the Indies”, when describing the first voyage, the ethnonyms “macori” and “siguayi” are found, which are used after the description of the meeting of the Spaniards with warlike archers in the northeast of Haiti. The language of these Indians differed from the “common” language of the island’s Indians, Las Casas wrote. From another part of the “History” it appears that there were two provinces called Makori: one – Lower Makori, where the province of Magdalena was located, the other – Upper Makori, located in the mountains north of the Vega Real valley. On the pages of the “Apologetic History” it is stated that the languages of the inhabitants of the Upper and Lower Makori differed from each other and differed from the “common” language of Haiti. Las Casas explains the meaning of the word “macori” – “strange”, “alien”, “barbarian”. Indeed, in the Arawakan languages, the particle “ma” means the absence of some quality, and the word “kori” (with variants “kari”, “keri”, “heri”, etc.) in some languages of South American Indians means “person , man” (for example, Quechua qhari “man, male”). In this case, “makori” should really be understood as “non-human” and “foreign person”. The fact that many toponyms and ethnonyms “Makori” are noted in Haiti may apparently indicate that there were several groups of Indians on the island who considered one another to be strangers. If they had their own names, they did not survive, with the possible exception of one case – the Siguays. nine0003

If the majority of the population of Haiti spoke related languages or dialects associated with the Arawakan languages of South America, as was proved by D. Brinton, then the language of the “silent” Indians of the west of the island was completely incomprehensible to the neighbors. Whether it belonged to the more distant branches of the Arawakan language family or to another language family, it is impossible to say, since no traces of the vocabulary of this language have yet been found in the sources. ^[2]

Leading researcher of the American sector of the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, specialist in the Indians of the Antilles, Doctor of Historical Sciences Eduard Grigoryevich Alexandrenkov [1] in his book “Indians of the Antilles before the European conquest” notes the following: “It should be said more about one name of the Indians of Haiti, widespread in the literature about the Indians of the Antilles. It’s about secrets. At the end of the XV century. the word “Taino” was used by the Indians not as an ethnonym, but as a social term. Only at the beginning of the 20th century, and especially after the work of Harrington and Lowen, the Indians of the farmers of Haiti began to be called Tains during the period of the conquest of this island by the Spaniards and the period immediately preceding the conquest. nine0061 [3] In 2008, E.G. Alexandrenkov gave the following explanation regarding the term “Taino”: “There has never been an Indian people (or tribe, whatever you want) Taino. The word spread after Sven Loven named it one of the archaeological cultures in the Greater Antilles, the last time before the arrival of Europeans. Once upon a time, the Spaniards heard this word from the Indians when they said “we are good”, in contrast, probably, from the “bad” Caribs, neighbors from the east. ^[4]

As for Cuba, after the first voyage of Columbus along the southern coast of the island, it became known that Indians who understand the language of the Indians of the Bahamas live in the central and eastern regions, and in the west they speak a language incomprehensible to the Bahamians. Later, the names of groups of the indigenous population appear in the sources, isolated according to some characteristics. One of them, guanahatabibe or guanahacabei, can be attributed to that part of Cuba where the Indians lived, whose speech the translator of Columbus from the Bahamas could not understand. This group was distinguished not only by language, but also by way of life. Unlike the farmers of the central and eastern regions, the Guanahatabeys (as scientists now call them) lived only by hunting and fishing and did not build huts. The Guanahatabeys were representatives of the first wave of settlement in the Greater Antilles, who were pushed back by the Tainos to the extreme west of Cuba, and they are not classified as Tainos. According to the descriptions, the Guanahatabey of Cuba are very reminiscent of the “silent” Indians of the west of Haiti, but now the west of Haiti is included in the area of settlement of the western Taino (see above). In addition to these Indians, the Siboney are called in Cuba – the inhabitants of the middle part of the island, also not classified as Taino – and the “Indians of the Gardens” (“King’s Gardens” and “Queen’s Gardens” were two archipelagos of small islands – cayo – near the northern and southern coasts of Cuba; in some sources these groups are called kayo). In the History of the Indies, Las Casas also speaks of the Indians who migrated to Cuba from Haiti. nine0061 [5]

It was previously thought that the sailors Taíno were related to the Arawaks of South America. Recent discoveries indicate more likely the origin of Taíno from the Andean tribes, in particular from stake . ^{[ source unspecified 1313 days ]} Their language belongs to the Maipur languages spoken in South America and the Caribbean, which are part of the Arawakan language family. The Bahamian Taino were called the Yucais, or Lukayo (then the Bahamas were known as the Lucayan Islands). nine0003

Some researchers distinguish between neo-Taino Cuba, lucayo Bahamas, Jamaica and to a lesser extent Haiti and Quisqueya ( Quisqueya ) (approximately the territory of the Dominican Republic) and true Taino Boriquena ( 909) Borique 90 60 05 (Puerto Rico). They consider this distinction important because the Neo-Taino are characterized by greater cultural diversity and greater social and ethnic heterogeneity than the original Taino .

At the time of Columbus’s arrival in 1492, there were five “kingdoms” or territories in Hispaniola, each headed by a cacique (chief) to whom tribute was paid. During the Spanish conquests, the largest Taino settlements numbered up to 3 thousand people or more.

Historically the Taino were neighbors and rivals of the Caribs, another group of tribes originating from South America, who mainly inhabited the Lesser Antilles. Much research has been devoted to the relationship between these two groups. nine0003

Tainos are said to have died out in the 17th century from imported diseases and forced entry into the plantation economy introduced by Spain in their Caribbean colonies, followed by the importation of slaves from Africa. However, the main reason ^{[ source unspecified 1313 days ]} the disappearance of this culture was the physical destruction of the Indians by the Spaniards. It is claimed that there was a significant miscegenation, and that several Indian villages survived until the 19th century in Cuba. The Spaniards who first landed in the Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola in 1492, and then to Puerto Rico, did not bring women with them. They entered into a civil marriage with women Taino . From these marriages, mestizo children were born. ^[6]

Origin

It is believed that Taino entered the Caribbean through Guyana and Venezuela to Trinidad, subsequently spreading north and west throughout the Antilles around 1000 BC. e., after the migration of the Siboneans. However, recent discoveries have shown that a more accurate hypothesis is their proximity to the ancient tribe stakes in the Andes. The Taino traded extensively with other tribes in Florida and Central America, where they sometimes had outposts, although there were no permanent settlements. The Caribs followed Taíno to the Antilles ca. 1000 AD where they displaced and assimilated the Igneri, the Arawak people of the Lesser Antilles. They were never able to gain a foothold in the Greater Antilles or in the very north of the Lesser Antilles.

Caribs originate from the population of the South American continent. Caribs are sometimes referred to as Arawak, although linguistic similarities may have developed over centuries of close contact between these groups, both before and after the migration to the Caribbean Islands (see below). In any case, there are enough differences in the socio-political organization between the Arawaks and the Caribs to classify them as different peoples. nine0003

Terminology

Acquaintance of Europeans with Taíno occurred in stages as they colonized the Caribbean. Columbus named ^{[ source unspecified 1151 days ]} inhabitants of the northern islands Taino , which in Arawak means “friendly people” in contrast to the hostile Caribs. This name covered all the insular Taino , which in the Lesser Antilles were often referred to by the name of a particular tribe Taino .

Other Europeans arriving in South America called the same ethnic group Arawaks after the Arawak word for cassava (tapioca) flour, which was the staple food of this ethnic group. Over time, the ethnic group began to be called Arawak (eng. Arawak ), and the language Arawak. Later it turned out that the culture and language, as well as the ethnicity of the people known as Arawaks and Tainos, were the same, and often among them were distinguished mainland Taino or mainland Arawaks living in Guyana and Venezuela, island Taino or island the Arawaks, who inhabit the Windward Islands; and simply the Taíno, who live in the Greater Antilles and the Leeward Islands. nine0003

For a long time travelers, historians, linguists, anthropologists used these terms mixed. The word Taino sometimes denoted only the tribes of the Greater Antilles, sometimes they also included the tribes of the Bahamas, sometimes the Leeward Islands or all of them together, with the exception of the tribes of Puerto Rico and the Leeward Islands. The 90,059 Insular Taíno 90,060 included residents of only the Windward Islands, only the population of the northern part of the Caribbean, or residents of all islands. Currently, modern historians, linguists and anthropologists believe that the term “Taino” should refer to all the Taino / Arawak tribes, except for the Caribs. Neither anthropologists nor historians consider the Caribs to be the same ethnic group, although linguists still debate whether the Caribbean language is an Arawakan dialect or a Creole language, or perhaps a separate language, with Arawakan pidgin often used in communication. nine0003

Culture and lifestyle

In the middle of the model settlement Taino ( yukayek ) there was a flat area ( batei ) where social events took place: games, celebrations and public ceremonies. The site was surrounded by houses. Taino played a ceremonial ball game called “batu”. Teams of players (from 10 to 30 people each) participated in the game. The ball was made from molded rubber. Batu also served to resolve conflicts between communities. nine0003

Taíno society was divided into four main groups:

nitaino (junior chiefs)

bohics (clergymen/physicians)

caciques (chiefs)

Often the main population lived in large round huts ( bohio ) built of wooden poles, woven straw mats and palm leaves. These huts housed 10-15 families. The caciques with their families lived in rectangular buildings ( cane ) of a similar design with a wooden porch. From the furniture in the house there were cotton hammocks ( hamaka ), palm mats, wooden chairs ( duyo ) with wicker seats, scaffolds, baby cradles. Some tribes Taino practiced polygamy. Men could have 2 or 3 wives, sometimes women had 2 or 3 husbands, and caciques had up to 30 wives.

Taino were mainly engaged in agriculture, as well as fishing and hunting. A common hairstyle was bangs in front and long hair in the back. Sometimes they wore gold jewelry, painted themselves, adorned themselves with shells. Sometimes men Taino wore short skirts. Women Taino wore skirts ( nagua ) after marriage.

Taíno spoke a variety of Arawakan and used the following words: barbakoa ( barbecue ), hamaka ( hammock ), canoa ( canoe ), tabaco ( tobacco ), 90 hurakan which entered Spanish, English and Russian.

Nutrition and agriculture

Basic nutrition Taino were vegetables, meat and fish. There was never a lot of big game on the islands, small animals were eaten: rodents, bats, earthworms, ducks, turtles, birds.

The inland Taino communities relied more on agriculture. They cultivated their crops on konuko , large ridges that were compacted with leaves to prevent erosion and planted with different types of plants. This was done to obtain a crop in any weather conditions. They used koa , an early variety of hoe made entirely of wood. One of the main crops cultivated by the Tainos was cassava, which they ate in the form of tortillas similar to Mexican tortillas. The Taino also grew maize, squash, legumes, capsicum, sweet potatoes, yams, peanuts, and tobacco.

Technologies

The Taíno used cotton, hemp and palm to make fishing nets and ropes. Their hollowed-out canoes (canoas) varied in size and could carry from 2 to 150 people. A medium-sized canoa held about 15 to 20 people. The Taíno used bows and arrows and sometimes smeared arrowheads of various kinds with poisons. They used spears for fishing. For military purposes, they used wooden combat batons (clubs), which they called “macana” ( macana ) were about three centimeters thick and resembled cocomacaque .

Religion

Taíno revered all forms of life and recognized the importance of thanksgiving, as well as honoring ancestors and spirits, whom they called seven or zemi . ^[7] Many stone images seven have survived. Some stalagmites in the Dondon caves are hewn in the form of seven . Seven sometimes had the appearance of toads, turtles, snakes, caimans, as well as various abstract and humanoid faces. nine0003

Some of the carved seven include a small table or tray on which is believed to have been placed a hallucinogenic mixture, the so-called cohoba, made from the beans of a species of the Anadenanthera tree (Anadenanthera). Such trays were found along with ornamented breathing tubes.

During some rituals the Taíno vomited with a swallowing stick. This was done with the aim of cleansing the body of impurities, both literal physical and symbolic spiritual cleansing. After the ritual of offering bread, first to the spirits seven , then the cacique, and then the ordinary members of the community, the epic song of the village was performed to the accompaniment of the maraka and other musical instruments.

Oral tradition Taino explains how the sun and moon came out of the caves. Another legend tells that people once lived in caves and came out of them only at night, because it was believed that the Sun would change them. The origin of the oceans is described in the legend of a giant flood that happened when a father killed his son (who was about to kill his father) and then put his bones in a gourd or calabash bottle. Then the bones turned into fish, the bottle broke and all the waters of the world poured out of it. nine0003

The supreme deity was called “yukahu” ( Yucahú ), which means “white yuca” or “spirit of yuca”, since yuca was the main source of food for the Taino, and was revered as such.

Taino Quisqueyi (Dominican Republic) called him “Yukahu Bagua Maorokoti”, which means “White Yuka, great and mighty like the sea and mountains.” “Yukahu” was also an invisible spirit of the sky, whose mother was “Atabey” ( Atabey ), the mother of the gods and the spirit of water. Among other names of this goddess – “Guabansex” ( Guabancex ), “Atabey” ( Atabei ), “Atabeira” ( Atabeyra ), “Atabex” ( Atabex ) and “Guimazoa” ( Guimazoa ). “Huracan” ( Juracán ) was an evil deity of storms, although some historians argue that this is just a Taino word for “storm”, and in fact the goddess of storms was “Guabansex”. Some anthropologists argue that some or all of the Petwo Voodoo rituals may be traced back to the Taíno religion. nine0003

Columbus and the Tainos

Christopher Columbus and his crew, who landed in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492, were the first Europeans to see the Taino people. It was Columbus who named the Taino “Indians”, giving them a name that would eventually encompass all the indigenous peoples of the western hemisphere.

There are discussions about the Taino population in Haiti when Columbus landed there in 1492. The Catholic priest and historian of that time, Bartolome de Las Casas, wrote (1561) in his multi-volume History of the Indies:

« There were 60,000 people on this island [when I arrived in 1508], including Indians; thus from 1494 to 1508 more than three million people died from war, slavery and mines. Who in future generations will believe this? »

Today, a number of historians suggest that Las Casas’ figures for the pre-European Taino population are exaggerated, and that a figure closer to one million seems more likely. Estimates of the Taino population vary widely, ranging from a few hundred thousand to 8 million. They were not immune from European diseases, especially smallpox, but many were driven to their graves by overwork in the mines and fields, slaughtered in the brutal suppression of rebellions, or committed suicide to escape their cruel new masters. According to some scholars, the population of Hispaniola dropped sharply to 60,000, and by 1531 to 3,000. nine0003

During Columbus’s second voyage, he began demanding tribute from the Tainos in Haiti. Each Taino adult over the age of 14 had to give a certain amount of gold. At an early stage, the conquests, in case of non-payment of tribute, either maimed him or executed him. Later, for fear of losing their labor force, they were ordered to hand in 11 kg of cotton each. This apprehension also led to a requirement for a debriefing called “ encomienda “. Under this system, the Taíno had to work for the Spaniard who owned the land for most of the year, leaving them little time to attend to the affairs of their community. nine0003

Resistance to colonization

The first armed clash between Europeans and Indians occurred on January 13, 1493, when the people of Columbus wanted to take with them by force to Spain as trophies several ciguays and their bows. The Siguays rushed at the Spaniards, and the latter used swords and crossbows and killed one Indian and wounded another in the chest. ^[8]

In the same year, 1493, after the departure of Columbus, he left Fort Navidad on the northwestern coast of the island of Haiti (the name meaning “Christmas” was given to the first European colony in America because the fort was founded on December 25 1492 years) with 39 armed Spaniards, the Indians destroyed the fort and almost all of its defenders, and those of the Spaniards who escaped death at the hands of the natives preferred to throw themselves into the sea and die in its abyss. Upon Columbus’s return, the friendly chief of the province, Marien Guacanagari, told him that the fort was destroyed by the chief of the province of Maguana Caonabo and the chief of the province of Cibao Mayabanes, because the Spaniards committed violence against Indian women. ^[9]

Taino heritage today

Many people still claim to be Taino descendants, especially among Puerto Ricans, both on the island itself and in the US mainland. People who claim to be descended from the Taino are actively trying to gain recognition for their tribe. More recently, a number of Taino organizations have been formed for this purpose, such as the United Confederation of Taíno People ( United Confederation of Taíno People ) and the Hachibonicù Taíno Tribal of Boriquen (Puerto Rico) ( The Jatibonicù Taíno Tribal Nation of Boriken (Puerto Rico) ). What some see as the Taíno revitalization movement can be seen as an integral part of a broader process of reviving national identity and organizing Caribbean indigenous peoples. ^[10]

Also in Cuba, in the eastern provinces, more than 1 thousand people have preserved to this day the physical signs and elements of the culture of their Taino ancestors ^[11] .

In 1979, the Spanish-speaking student society Lambda Sigma Upsilon ( Lambda Sigma Upsilon, Latino Fraternity, Incorporated ) made the Taino Indians their cultural symbol. ^[12]

Notes

↑ Travels, p. 68
↑ Aleksandrenkov, p. 76-81
↑ Aleksandrenkov, p. 81
↑ Aleksandrenkov, personal message to participant Aleksandr N. Natarov, April 3, 2008
↑ Aleksandrenkov, p. 81-85
↑ Criollos: The Birth of a Dynamic New Indo-Afro-European People and Culture on Hispaniola .
↑ (meaning)
↑ Felipe de Jesús Pérez Cruz, p. 59
↑ Felipe de Jesús Pérez Cruz, p. 60-61, 63
↑ Indigenous resurgence in the contemporary Caribbean
↑ BuenoLatina. Cuba. Taino Indians Today
↑ Lambda Sigma Upsilon

Literature

Alexandrenkov EG “Indians of the Antilles before the European conquest”. – M: “Nauka”, 1976. (232 p.)
“The Travels of Christopher Columbus”. – M., 1952.
Primer viaje de Cristobal Colón. Según su diario de a bordo. Recogido y transcrito por Fray Bartolomé de las Casas. – Barcelona: Editorial Ramón Sopena, S. A., 1972. (XVI, 193 p.)
Felipe de Jesús Pérez Cruz. nine0059 Los primeros rebeldes de America. – La Habana: Editorial Gente Nueva, 1988. (114 p.)
Guitar, Lynne. 2000. “Criollos: The Birth of a Dynamic New Indo – Afro – European People and Culture on Hispaniola.” KACIKE: The Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology , 1(1): 1-17 http://www.kacike.org/LynneGuitar.html
United Confederation of Taino People http://www.uctp.org/
The Jatibonicù Taino Tribal Band of New Jersey (A Tribal Government Affairs website)
The Jatibonicù Taino Tribal Nation of Boriken (Puerto Rico Tribal Government website)
Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean: Amerindian Survival and Revival . Edited by Maximilian C. Forte. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2006. http://www.centrelink.org/resurgence/index.html
DeRLAS. Some important research contributions of Genetics to the study of Population History and Anthropology in Puerto Rico. Newark, Delaware: Delaware Review of Latin American Studies . August 15, 2000.
The Role of Cohoba in Taino Shamanism Constantino M. Torres in Eleusis No. 1 (1998)
Shamanic Inebriants in South American Archeology: Recent lnvestigations Constantino M. Torres in Eleusis No. 5 (2001)

“Dad, we tried.” Top Ukrainian memes in 30 years of independence

Taina Fedoseeva

helps people cope with especially difficult life situations.

We collected the top most important Ukrainian meme phrases, things and characters that helped develop self-irony and made us laugh all these years. nine0003

People

Dobkin and Kernes

At the end of 2005, Kharkiv mayoral candidate Mikhail Dobkin and his then associate Gennady Kernes were recording an election video. Cuts from it appeared on the Internet a year and a half after Dobkin became mayor, and dispersed into quotes that, over a decade and a half, have practically become part of the Ukrainian cultural code. Because everyone knows with what facial expression one can not count on receiving money and how exactly the text of the election program was written. nine0003

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Poplavsky

In June 2021, Mikhail Poplavsky announced that he was ending his musical career. Connoisseurs of creativity remember that he started it with the appearance in the image of Batman in the video “Young Eagle”, and only after that half-naked girls on the dancers became an obligatory component of Poplavsky’s performances. The rector of the University of Culture, businessman, owner of the cafe “Salo”, deputy, singer and dancer – Mikhail Poplavsky tried himself in many fields and everywhere became the creator of memes about himself, which Les Podervyansky noted in the play “Shine and Poverty Pidarasiv”, while without naming names. nine0003

Serduchka

The first Ukrainian stand-up comedian, the first drag queen and Eurovision icon, whose performance in 2007 is among the ten most popular performances in the history of the contest. Verka Serdyuchka, created by Andrey Danilko back in 1991, set the tone not only for all subsequent shows with invited celebrities. In performances and reprises, and most importantly, in songs (one of them recently appeared on the Killing Eve series), which almost no wedding has been without for decades (and it doesn’t matter whether the music sounds “serious” or “ironic”), Danilko comprehended Ukrainian life in a kitsch form, making Serdyuchka the main Ukrainian meme. nine0003

Gordon

Journalist and TV presenter Dmitry Gordon got his first meme popularity in 2019, when he promised representatives of the Svoboda party to pull out his Adam’s apple and then even recorded a video where he showed how to properly carry out this manipulation.

The second, already ongoing, wave of memes began in December 2020, after an interview with Russian businessman Mikhail Khodorkovsky. She was provoked by this dialogue:

Dmitry Gordon: – In what conditions did you sit? nine0003

Mikhail Khodorkovsky: Barrack.

Dmitry Gordon: — Obama?

Mikhail Khodorkovsky: – … Well, sort of …

After a wave of memes, Dmitry Gordon admitted that he likes to use this technique to relax his interlocutor – which he demonstrated during his next interviews, which also diverged into quotes, but have not received such popularity.

Asphalt paver Katya

In 2010, a six-minute video “asphalt paver Katya” became a meme, in which a correspondent from the Dnieper channel talks for six minutes with an employee of a public utility company about why repairing roads in slush: “I have pennies from so, I, f*ck* I buy asphalt and lay it just like that. “Channel 9 flew in and immediately shit,” Katya said. Dnipro media report that popularity brought Ekaterina Tkachenko a medal, an order for the improvement of the city, and even a three-room apartment. nine0003

Quotes

Get out of the city, get out of the city (go out of town, get out of the city)

For the first time, the meme may have appeared in the public “Chotkiy patsa” in VKontakte. It became popular after the Maidan, went viral and is actively used throughout the Russian-speaking space – in two versions at the discretion of the speaker.

Astana

In 2014, from Rostov-on-Don, Viktor Yanukovych recorded a video message to the Ukrainian people, expressively urging them to “get up.” “Astanavite!” he almost shouted. The same phrase in 2020, perhaps as a homage, was used at one of the rallies by the self-proclaimed President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko. nine0003

Putin — x*ylo

A short song, first performed in Kharkiv on March 30, 2014 by the fans of the Metallist football club and becoming a kind of cultural phenomenon and what The Guardian newspaper called a nationwide cultural meme — for its prevalence in various spheres of life .

Dad, I’m trying

October 9, 2013 in Donetsk hosted the contest “Beauty without borders”. It was visited by Lyudmila Yanukovych, who had a birthday. Journalists asked the President’s wife how her family congratulated her. “My husband, Viktor Fedorovich, called and said: well, how are you? I say nothing. Well, come on, it seems, practice, and I’m going to Turkey … And you, he says, practice. Do you practice well? I say, dad, I try. The last phrase quickly became a universal meme. nine0003

Yolka

In December 2010, President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych explained why the tent camp of entrepreneurs protesting against the adoption of the Tax Code was liquidated: New Rik. The politician remembered the word “Yalinka” for ten seconds – they even put a video on the video, where during the pause Usain Bolt runs a hundred meters.

Rewrote the hut

A billboard that appeared on August 12, 2012 in Dneprodzerzhinsk with a grandmother holding a cat and the caption: “I found out that my grandson, having voted for the Region, rewrote the hut for the cat. ” The very next day, the inscription that referred to “Regions” was sealed, and a day later the billboard disappeared, but the Internet remembers everything.

Zrada, victory and shattering

Three emotional characteristics of any news that became popular during the Euromaidan, and later in an ironic sense – and it is not always possible to understand what is “victim” and what is “overcome”. nine0003

Not only everyone

“Today, tomorrow, not everyone can watch. Or rather, not only everyone can watch, few people can do it, ”Vitali Klitschko said on the Shuster Live TV show in November 2013 and forever became the author of a philosophical meme.

Who am I?

On the night of January 1, 2020, Volodymyr Zelensky delivered his first New Year’s greetings as President of Ukraine, the main quote from which was the concise “Who am I?”

Things

Kravchuchka

Alexey Sergeev, design engineer of the Kyiv aircraft plant, the creator of the Malvina baby stroller, is considered the inventor of the handcart. It turns out that “Kravchuchka” is already 38 years old. The ease of construction and good load capacity made the trolley a symbol of the nineties and the “heyday of wild capitalism.” And the name given to it in a very definite way immortalized the reign and became a marker of the era of the first president of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk.

Business card of Yarosh

On April 20, 2014, there was a shootout in Slovyansk, which LifeNews TV channel blamed on Right Sector, as they found American dollars, machine guns and a business card of Dmitry Yarosh, the then leader of the organization, at the scene. Since, presumably, the business card was found in a burned-out car, it has become a meme with a double meaning – as something endowed with fantastic power and as evidence of the participation of the “Right Sector” in all world troubles.

Wreath

On May 17, 2010, President Viktor Yanukovych was nearly knocked down by a mourning wreath. Together with Dmitry Medvedev, during a heavy downpour with wind, he laid wreaths at the monument to the unknown soldier in Kyiv.