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Black ThenDon Miguel Enriquez Part I: Privateer King of Puerto Rico

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Posted by M. Swift – September 7, 2019 – Black History, BLACK MEN, History, LATEST POSTS

Known as “The Grand Archvillain” Don Miguel Enriquez was a famous Puerto Rican entrepreneur, pirate hunter, pirate, and privateer during the early 18th century.

PRE-NAVAL CAREER

Enriquez was born during the 1670s or 1680s to a free mulatto named Graciana Enriquez. His father is the subject of discussion with it often being considered someone of influence–particularly of Catholic clergy–who could force Graciana’s silence. Of Graciana’s four children Miguel Enriquez was the youngest.

Of his education, Enriquez learned to read and write very early. He was also a talented craftsman as a child working as a shoemaker at 10 years old. As a teenager, he entered the military and served in an all-mulatto unit. Enriquez had affairs with many local women and fathered several children.

ENTRY TO PRIVATEERING

During this period in Puerto Rico, there was a campaign to take out foreign pirates operating in the island’s waters. Governor Gutierrez, a military man of reputation, was installed partially because he would be effective at tackling such a problem. Basically, he was a wartime leader and he had a plan for the Spanish crown: a union of privateers and a semi-navy to protect the protect the colony’s coast.

With a letter of marque and little disregard for one’s life and lives of their crew, privateering could make a brave soul very wealthy. Gutierrez’s suggestion was for the system was that privateers took a ship armed and fitted to take out and plunder pirate ships. Half of the gains went to Spain while the rest went to the crew. Spain green lit the experiment and the ship’s construction occurred between 1704 and 1707.

It’s unknown exactly the degree of Miguel Enriquez’s experience in seafaring and naval combat. During the early 1700s, he was doing work in a similar capacity for Governor Gutierrez. During this period he had been awarded a letter of marque which meant he could hunt pirate ships and the enemies of the Spanish crown. It was this second target that would bring in fistfuls of cash for Puerto Rico and Enriquez.

Another reason he was picked: he was mulatto. If things got messy between and a political incident could be caused the governor had his scapegoat ready. As it would happen, Enriquez excelled at this task as well.

EARLY SUCCESS

While he didn’t have a great deal of naval experience to start, the experience he picked up and his mind for business resulted in huge gains for everyone involved. Since the 1700s was a hotbed for pirate activity each of the European superpowers of the time had a stake in the Caribbean. As a result, Governor Gutierrez kept Enriquez and other Spanish-aligned privateers on alert for an invasion, especially from Britain.

This caused an uptick in activity around Puerto Rico and a double-sided coin situation. On one side: he had a letter of marque and was in service to the Crown. The other side: he was merely a pirate who was a little too effective at his job.

SOURCE: https://curiosidadhistorica.wordpress.com/2009/07/14/%C2%BFquien-era-miguel-enriquez/

Miguel EnriquezpiracyPuerto Rico

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90,000 “Black Devil”, part 2. – Schopa SHERA – Livejournal

“Black Devil”, part 2.

IVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVIVVVVVVVVVVv

JULY 1ST, 2015

The original is taken from the original george_rooke in “The Black Devil”, part 2.

In 1711, a new governor was sent to Puerto Rico – Francisco Danio Granados. Enriquez and Danio have a difficult relationship. On the one hand, Miguel not only had the most powerful Spanish privateer fleet in the West Indies, but also almost single-handedly supplied Puerto Rico with military and food supplies (connections with smugglers and pirates of different nationalities came in handy here). He fulfilled several orders of both the governor and the Spanish government, and even – without hesitation! – asked the king for a medal in recognition of his merits. No, well, cho – impudence is always the second happiness. I must say that Philip V gave him a medal – but not a regular one, but specially designed for Enriquez – La Medalla de Oro de la Real Efigie (Gold Medal with Royal Portrait) , but even this award simply infuriated the local aristocrats.

Moreover, Enriquez knocked out a document of identification from the king – something like a letter from Richelieu to Milady: “Everything that the bearer of this did …” and further in the text.
But on the other hand, the governor hated Enriquez, and constantly dug against him (as in that joke: “I’m writing an opera, Petka, I’m writing. The opera will call – then you’ll know.” ).
Between 1709 and 1714 Miguel’s privateers took 6 English, 9 Dutch and 5 Danish ships (from the Virgin Islands). Moreover – he managed, fighting with the British and the Dutch, to establish trade … with the British and the Dutch! Since such actions were unambiguously interpreted by the Spanish crown as smuggling, Enriquez created a rather intricate scheme – foreign goods were transshipped on deserted islands into Spanish containers, fake seals were affixed, fake passes were issued, and ships loaded with goods with Spanish labels were already arriving at the port. When this machination of his was almost revealed, he, allegedly indignant, sent several of his ships to the sea to “intercept” the smugglers, and came to the port with the “captured” ships, while the smugglers were previously released on boats, and he later compensated for their losses.
After the war, Enriquez invested in the silver business, becoming one of the largest silver carriers in the West Indies, and also entered the slave trade.
In 1712, the leapfrog with power in Puerto Rico continued, a new governor, don Juan de Ribeira, arrived, but already in 1713, Ribeira was removed, and five were appointed by Danio. You understand that in such a bedlam Enriquez could easily do his business.

“When I go to the booth, I load my revolver” enemy, just trying to wrest business from Miguel. Returning to Spain, Ribeira joined this process, urging Spanish merchants not to trust Enriquez. Set-ups and litigation began, but the former smuggler had two huge pluses – the support of smugglers and an identification document. As a result, in 1719Ribeira was sentenced to two years in prison, and in favor of Enriquez he was ordered to pay 86,000 pesos.
So that they would not forget about him at court – Enriquez offered to capture … the Danish island of St. Thomas. From Miguel’s point of view – an ideal enterprise – his ships are back in business, the crown pays his sailors a salary, no one has canceled 50/50, and, for dessert, all envious people can immediately shut up. The Spanish authorities did not give permission for the capture, but allowed the opening of the marque season against the Danes – as a result, 8 Danish ships were captured. A diplomatic scandal began – Denmark turned to the Alberoni government with a request to clarify since when the Spaniards seized Danish merchant ships, because Denmark and Spain are not at war! Alberoni, without hesitation, sent this letter to Enriquez, and received an answer that the Danish ships were captured not from the island of St. Thomas, but from Puerto Rico, in a secluded bay. Surely these nasty Scandinavians were preparing to land a secret landing and seize the pearl of the Spanish crown! And only the faithful dog of Philip V and Cardinal Alberoni – Miguel Enriquez stood in the way of the dirty Danish plans!
Even Alberoni, what a hardened schemer! – marveled at the impudence of Enriquez and chuckling sent the answer to the Danes. Like, let them now understand what really happened. And they decided to leave Enriquez – Spain needs such people.
In 1718, the Spaniards learned that British Marines had landed in secret on the island of Vieques. This news alarmed the sleepy kingdom, Enriquez himself went to sea with two ships, and intercepted one boat with the British. Without starting to find out who they were and what they wanted, he simply sold them into slavery, explaining his act to the governor by the fact that “captured British privateers” . Further, Enriquez’s privateers with him on board connected with the Barlovento Armada of José Roge de la Peña, and staged a small merciless terror against British smugglers in the surrounding waters. 15 British ships were captured, all of them were confiscated, and the British were sold into slavery.
Actually, until 1727, Enriquez’s life went on like this – the fight against Danio (as a result, I can put Miguel and the second governor behind bars), participation in smuggling and at the same time – in the actions of the Barlovento Armada against smugglers, the slave trade, etc.
In 1727 a new war broke out between England and Spain. During the campaign of 27-28, already 53-year-old Enriquez went to sea with his ships, took 56 British merchant ships (this is for a moment – half of the Jamaican merchant fleet), and one privateer – Postiglion. These actions of Enriquez so frightened and stirred up the English colonial administration that Miguel, in a letter to Parliament, the Jamaican governor Robert Hunter called “the hammer of the Caribbean” and the “Black Devil” . And the directors of the British South Sea Company modestly called him that “Grand Archvillain” , that is – translated into the language of native aspens – “Great Archvillain” . “Enriquez has caused more damage to our local merchants than the governors of Puerto Rico and Cuba put together” , one of the British sales agents wrote to the company’s directorate.
An entire privateer squadron was sent from England to the Caribbean to catch Enriquez’s corsairs. The British ambassador to Spain demanded from the Spaniards the return of British ships and goods. But Enriquez refused to return the ships captured during the war, and in doing so he made mortal enemies among the British.

In 1731 Enriquez’s privateers captured a British sloop-of-war on a reconnaissance mission off San Juan. These actions caused an international scandal, and under pressure from British diplomats, the Spanish local authorities opened a case against Enriquez, accusing him of smuggling, piracy, fraud, theft, trade with the enemy, etc. And in 1733, the entire business of Enriquez was arrested by the authorities. He filed a complaint with Spain, but he was required to pay 250,000 pesos in compensation to the treasury of the state (plus – 70,000 – the church for its forgiveness of this “prodigal son” ), and wait for a decision.
In general, by 1735, Enriquez became bankrupt, and was forced to hide from creditors in the convent of Santo Tomaso. From there, he wrote six times to Philip V. Recalling his services and assistance to the crown, the Council of the Indies investigated his activities for six years, repeatedly searched his house and on ships, and finally, in 1741, he was found not guilty of committed acts. But Enriquez’s health was undermined, and the business was destroyed.
In December 1744, Miguel Henriquez fell ill with a fever and died. His body was buried in a mass grave, because the deceased had no money for burial, and no one agreed to pay for a decent funeral. In general, the end of our hero is quite in the spirit of Spain, and we can only say: “Sic transit gloria mundi”.

Tags: Art, History, Sailing

“Black Devil”, part 1. – George Rooke — LiveJournal

After all, we are all Anglo- and Franco-centric. We believe that only the British were great on the seas, and sometimes the French. On hearing the names of Drake, Reilly, Hawkins, Bar, Duguet-Truen, at worst – Kassar, Pete Hein, Surcouf. But ask even people who are interested in history, and even people who are interested in maritime history – “do you know the great Spanish corsairs?” – and in response there will be a piercing silence.
Today I would like to tell you about one of them. His story is amazing in itself, for it is very rare for a shoemaker and mulatto to become the governor of Puerto Rico, and even beat the English in the tail and mane so that he receives the nicknames “Black Devil” and “Caribbean Hammer”.
Well, let’s start.
And the first thing worth noting is that we do not know for certain the year of our hero’s birth – according to various sources, he was born either in 1674, or in 1676, or in 1681. Born in the family of a mulatto freedwoman on the island of Puerto Rico, father unknown, there were rumors that it was either a Catholic priest or some kind of Spanish hidalgo. Without a doubt, in the “Game of Thrones” he would definitely have the last name “Snow”. The surname by which we know him is quite possibly taken from the ceiling. For his mother (a mulatto from Angola) after her release took the name of her former master, Don Leandro. However, he went down in history under the name of Miguel Enriquez. Miguel was the tenth child in the family, but despite this he received a fairly good primary education, he knew how to read, write, knew arithmetic (most likely his biological father tried). At the age of 10, Enriquez was apprenticed to a shoemaker, he learned shoemaking and furriery, and being a very intelligent boy, he learned everything about leather.
At the age of 16, he was appointed to military service (of course, a soldier, for no one, and there was no way to call), but there were no hostilities, the mulatto famously learned to wield a sword, and was mainly engaged in smuggling, drinking and dragging along with the ladies. From four mademoiselles, by the age of 26, he had eight children, besides, he was caught smuggling, and the governor of Puerto Rico sentenced the blockhead to a fine of 100 pesos and to a year of forced construction work in the fortress of San Felipe del Morro. Engriquez didn’t argue, and the judge in the courtroom’s eyes widened as he pulled a handful of gold coins out of his pants and offered to pay the fine on the spot. I don’t know what helped, money or his dad’s connections, but Miguel was replaced with construction work for a service in the fortress, as an artilleryman.
In 1701, Enrique, while serving in a fortress battery, and trading in smuggling, including at the request of the then governor Gutierez de la Riva, learned that a new war had begun in Europe and the colonies – for the Spanish Succession. And here contacts with de la Riva and the smugglers came in handy, because a letter came from Madrid with an order to start building warships and organize a privateer war with the British in the Caribbean. Enriquez himself volunteered to build a ship and recruit a crew, but insisted on the terms agreed with the smugglers – everything captured is divided 50 to 50, that is, half goes to the crown, and half is divided between the corsairs. The time for coordination took 3 years, the first privateer ship was built in 1707, but it all started much earlier. De la Riva, interested in starting marque operations as quickly as possible, at his own peril and risk issued a letter of marque to Enriquez in June 1703, and starting from 1704, Spanish ships began to attack English merchant ships. Since honest people quickly ran out, Enriquez threw a cry among not very honest ones, and the 50/50 conditions seemed fabulous to a lot of people. Recall that at that time the French marques divided among themselves only 2/5 of the value of the prize, and the British – 1/3. As you understand, even the most stupid fool understood that ½ is always more than 2/5 or 1/3, and people flowed to Enriquez like a river.
Miguel himself did not go to sea, he was essentially an intermediary and organizer, but he had a diabolical scent for good captains and brave sailors.

Another circumstance that helped Enriquez rise to the top is the death of de la Riva in 1704 and the subsequent fever of power in Puerto Rico – 9 governors changed there in 5 years, naturally, no one could lay a paw on Enriquez’s activities. Starting in 1704 with just one ship, by 1705 its corsair fleet had grown to 8 ships – 7 sloops and 1 brigantine. By this time, only according to official data, he captured 18 English ships, but in reality there were most likely many more. Henriquez, who is well acquainted with accounting, learned by heart – there is no paper – there is no product, although in reality it is in the warehouse. Some of the ships he simply squandered to the left, selling to smugglers, the French, or back to the British gentlemen. As you understand, from ships sold to the left, the share of the king was equal to zero, and the share of privateers increased to 100 percent.
In 1707, Enriquez’s affairs flourished – a squadron of 18 ships, losses in four years amounted to 16 ships, captures – over 50, that is, the profit converged in favor of Miguel. The letter of Philip V that came to Puerto Rico, where he expressed his royal gratitude to Enriquez, further strengthened his position. But Miguel turned to the king with a response letter – he said that his losses over the past year amounted to 6 ships, but he does not complain – no, he is even ready to expand his activities, to protect Spanish possessions from Cuba to the Leeward Islands, but who is he against all those dons and hidalgos? Black hare, and a student of a shoemaker? And to the dismay of the Council of the Indies, at the end of 1710, the son of a mulatto freedwoman, Miguel Henriquez, became a caballero and “Captain of the Sea and War” (commodore) in the Caribbean.