Relieve de puerto rico: El relieve de puerto rico
Islas de Puerto Rico y de Culebra: regularidades geomoríológicas de su relieve costero y submarino
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José Ramón Hernández Santana
José Seguinot Barbosa
Ramiro Reyes González
DOI
https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.59162
Resumen
El reconocimiento morfodinámico del litoral, su correlación con los diseños tectónicos principales y el análisis morfoescultural costero de la isla de Puerto Rico, y en especial de la isla Culebra, permitió diferenciar y valorar la destacada influencia de la tectogénesis insular en la configuración de los patrones geomorfológicos del ¡nterfase tierra-mar y de su entorno submarino.
Dentro de las principales regularidades tectogenéticas de la morfoestructura insular y de su morfoescultura litoral se destacan: la alineación morfotectónica de pequeños grupos insulares y de sus rasgos morfoesculturales internos; la aparición y alineación de cordones de afloramientos pétreos abrasivos; la alineación paralela y quebrada del litoral: et control tectónico de la configuración de la línea costera y de sus accidentes por diseño ortogonal de los sistemas disyuntivos diagonales predominantes NVV-SE y NE-SW; el desarrollo de tómbolos por fallamiento paralelo a la costa y ascenso de pequeños bloques insulares contiguos; la distribución amplia de microbahías y microensenadas condicionadas por alta densidad de fallamiento y agrietamiento transversal paralelo, la difusión de costas cóncavas en forma de concha, de carácter acumulativo biogénico entre salientes abrasivos discretos; y la presencia de sistemas alternos de horst y graben, como factor condicionante de la alternancia de costas abrasivas (puntas, cabos y promontorios) y acumulativas (playas, pantanos, manglares) o ensenadas y bahías.
Este último rasgo es distintivo y determinante en la morfodinámica de la costa occidental de la isla de Puerto Rico y la septentrional de la isla Culebra. Por otra parte, se presenta el esquema estructuro-geomorfológico del relieve submarino de los mares y océanos circundantes a la isla de Puerto Rico, bajo la evolución de los elementos mayores y más característicos de la corteza terrestre del Caribe septentrional. Los principios de su clasificación tipológica distinguen las grandes estructuras, en las cuales se desarrollan los complejos morfogenéticos. En los bordes sumergidos de las placas continental Norteamericana y oceánica Caribe, se caracterizan las grandes categorías del relieve submarino (plataforma y talud insulares, depresiones y fosas profundas), utilizando los rasgas morfológicos, genéticos e hipsométricos de tos distintos complejos morfogenéticos (llanuras, mesetas y cadenas montañosas) de las cuencas marinas y oceánicas, y se presentan en un mapa estructuro-geomorfológico.
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Hermoso Cuadro En Relieve De Las Playas De Puerto Rico Y La
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Puerto Rico’s best option is bankruptcy.
Puerto Rican statehood advocates have always said that an island’s interim status, which does not grant it statehood or independence, is very inefficient. The financial crisis of the territory is the best proof of this point of view.
Clean Up
The government of Puerto Rico has accumulated a lot of debt over the years, in part because the federal government gives them special privileges: the interest paid on their bonds cannot be taxed anywhere in the United States. While federal and bankruptcy laws allow municipalities in states to file for bankruptcy, municipalities in Puerto Rico cannot do the same because it is not a state. This makes their lending more attractive. But as soon as the amount of loans exceeded all reasonable limits, it became very difficult to restore order in the island’s economy.
nine0003
This summer, Governor Alejandro Garcia Padilla said that Puerto Rico would not be able to pay off its $72 billion in debt. He proposed that the federal government apply bankruptcy law to Puerto Rico as if the island were a state. Lawmakers in the US Congress were skeptical of the initiative, especially Republicans, who said it would amount to a “salvation.”
More commonly, however, the phrase “government aid” is used to describe the use of taxpayer funds to pay the creditors of a failed institution. Also, the bankruptcy bill significantly infringes on the rights of creditors. Two conservative groups, Citizens Against Government and Americans for Tax Reform, strongly objected to bankruptcy proceedings, convinced that government bailout was the only alternative. They noted that Congress would spend taxpayer money, and the island would evade responsibility. nine0003
Other arguments against the application of federal chapter 9 to Puerto Rico had a similar background.
Among other things, it was noted that this step “will undermine the confidence of investors”, although it has already been undermined. In any case, this argument against declaring a state bankrupt is always relevant, not only in the case of Puerto Rico.
Reason to abstain
They also said it would be unfair to change the rules as the game progressed: lenders borrowed funds knowing bankruptcy law didn’t apply in Puerto Rico. On the other hand, by providing money, the lender always understands that there is a possibility of non-repayment. This is exactly what happened: Puerto Rico is not going to pay its debts – at least not in full and not on time. Recognizing the island as bankrupt will streamline payments and minimize the impact on mainland taxpayers. nine0003
Two other problems pointed out by opponents of bankruptcy are more serious. First, Chapter 9 does not negate the need for serious reform in Puerto Rico. Speaking before Congress, economist Douglas Holtz-Eakin proposed that the island privatize the grid and that Congress exempt it from maintaining the federal minimum wage.
He added: “Bankruptcy will not lead to an increase in economic growth, it will not change the fundamental budget trajectory.” This, however, is no reason to refrain from granting this right to the island. nine0003
Others say filing for bankruptcy won’t be enough because much of Puerto Rico’s debt won’t be written off. At the same time, as experts say, thanks to it, the island can get some relief and provide some protection to taxpayers.
The main problem with the idea of government is political: Congress is unable to agree on something so ambitious. In this case, legislators should allow the courts to lighten Puerto Rico’s burden. Lenders, not taxpayers, should bear the brunt of the loans taken. nine0003
Weather in Puerto Rico tomorrow, Puerto Rico weather forecast for tomorrow, Manabi Province, Ecuador
GISMETEO: Weather in Puerto Rico tomorrow, Puerto Rico weather forecast for tomorrow, Manabi Province, Ecuador
Wed, 25 Jan
Today
+2577
+2781
0.
5 mm
Th, 26 Jan
Tomorrow
+2577
+2781
PT, 27 Jan
9000 +2577
222 +2882
1 00
4 00
7 00
10 00
13 00
16 00
19 9000
22 22 22 22
22 2577
+2577
+2577
+2781
+2781
+2781
+2679
+2577
Wind speed, m/h
2-4 7-14
2 2 -4 7-14
2-5 7-18 9
2-4 7-14
0-2 0-7
Precipitation, mm
.
Wind, m/SCM/h
cr, 25
Thu, 26th, tomorrow
PT, 27
1 00
4 00
7 00
10 10 00
13 00
16 00
19 00
22 00
Gusts
Pressure, mmHg Art.