Bomberos de ponce: Casa de los Bomberos / Casa de Los Heroes, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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El Parque de Bombas es un edificio que se halla ubicado en la plaza principal de la ciudad de Ponce, Puerto Rico, en el centro de la ciudad, relativamente cerca del Aeropuerto Internacional Mercedita, la autopista Luis A. Ferré, y varios hoteles de la ciudad. Antigua estación de bomberos famosa por su historia, el Parque ha sido reconocido por su papel histórico y arquitectónico en la sociedad puertorriqueña.
Índice
- 1 Historia
- 2 Arquitectura
- 3 Véase también
- 4 Enlaces externos
En 1882 la población de Ponce, así como la del resto de las ciudades del sur de Puerto Rico, que en ese tiempo era todavía una provincia de España, estaba creciendo; reconociendo la necesidad de una estación de bomberos, el gobierno determinó construir una.
Un soldado del ejército español, el teniente coronel Máximo Meana estaba en Puerto Rico para ese tiempo; siendo también arquitecto profesional, desde Madrid se le encomendó construir el Parque de Bombas. Meana procedió a diseñar y construir la estructura que, afortunadamente para los habitantes del sur de la isla, se inauguró a finales del 1882, a tiempo para ser la sede de la convención de agricultores de Puerto Rico. Durante la convención, los participantes, que estaban promoviendo sus productos y servicios de agricultura, se mantuvieron dentro del edificio. La primera brigada de bomberos que trabajaría en el edificio se ubicó poco después.
En 1883, un enorme fuego amenazó las vidas de los habitantes del sur de Puerto Rico, así como la economía del país. Los bomberos ubicados en el Parque de Bombas lucharon con el fuego por mucho tiempo, tomándoles varios días extinguir el mismo. Por esa razón, el grupo ha sido honrado muchas veces en Ponce y el resto de Puerto Rico; aún hoy en día se encuentra una foto de los bomberos de Ponce envueltos en la situación colgada en las paredes del Parque de Bombas.
En 1983, el centenario de la victoria de la brigada sobre el famoso incendio fue conmemorada en la estación.
En 1885, la estación se nombró oficialmente como Estación de Bomberos de Ponce, de forma que toda operación relacionada con Ponce y las ciudades adyacentes era atendida desde el Parque de Bombas; en ese tiempo, Máximo Meana, el arquitecto de la estación, fue nombrado alcalde de Ponce.
Vista frontal de la antigua estación de bomberos.
La estación siguió operando en la ciudad hasta 1990, habiendo funcionado un total de 108 años como una estación de bomberos. Antes de ser cerrada, se convirtió en un museo; la estación había convertido en una gran atracción turística, y aun así siguió operando hasta su clausura; muchas veces, los mismos bomberos se ofrecían como voluntarios a darle a los visitantes una visita gratis al parque cuando no estaban atendiendo una emergencia. Son notables los artículos usados por la brigada del 1882 para combatir el fuego del 1883 mencionado anteriormente, y otros artefactos de importancia histórica.
Tras su cierre en 1990, el edificio ha seguido preservado como un museo. De acuerdo a algunas estimaciones, el museo del Parque de Bombas es uno de los lugares más visitados de Ponce anualmente.
Arquitectura[editar]
El Parque de Bombas está ubicado en lo que es conocido en Puerto Rico, España, y Latinoamérica como la “plaza de la ciudad”. Las plazas usualmente incluyen fuentes de agua, árboles, bancas, una iglesia católica y veredas para caminar. El Parque de Bombas está justo detrás de la iglesia católica de la ciudad, ambos en el centro de la plaza.
La estación convertida en museo refleja el estilo arquitectónico imperante en la España de los 1880; construida en su mayor parte en madera, tiene la apariencia de un castillo o de una mansión española de la época. La estación está pintada de rojo y negro. Dos escaleras localizadas en lados opuestos engalanan la entrada al museo, en el que los turistas pueden observar la tecnología usada contra los fuegos en el segundo piso.
Véase también[editar]
- Museo Parque de Bombas
Enlaces externos[editar]
- www.anadon.biz, Foto de la estación
- cr.nps.gov, Información histórica de la estación
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PARQUE DE BOMBAS (Ponce) – 2023 Qué saber antes de ir – Lo más comentado por la gente
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4.5
546 opiniones
Excelente
Muy bien
Normal
Pésima
Rut B
4 contribuciones
Cultura
ago. de 2021
Aunque es pequeño, es un museo rico en historia. Te permite correr tu imaginacion a esos tiempos. El lugar es hermoso.
Escrita el 8 de septiembre de 2021
Esta es la opinión subjetiva de un miembro de Tripadvisor, no de Tripadvisor LLC.
Tripadvisor realiza comprobaciones de las opiniones.
Javier A
Ponce, Puerto Rico43 contribuciones
Sr. Puerto Rico
dic. de 2019 • Familia
Lugar emblemático en centro de la plaza de la ciudad de Ponce. Bueno para fotos no se cobra entrada, esta localizado detrás de la catedral de Ponce. Sitio seguro siempre hay muchas personas, es un parque de bomberos de los años 1882.
Escrita el 2 de diciembre de 2019
Esta es la opinión subjetiva de un miembro de Tripadvisor, no de Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor realiza comprobaciones de las opiniones.
Bky C
San Juan, Puerto Rico160 contribuciones
Lovely
jul. de 2019
Un lugar que guarda historia del pueblo de Ponce. No solo es verlo en el exterior, sino ir a su interior para disfrutar de la historia que guarda. Muy lindo.
Escrita el 29 de julio de 2019
Esta es la opinión subjetiva de un miembro de Tripadvisor, no de Tripadvisor LLC.
Tripadvisor realiza comprobaciones de las opiniones.
Joaquim M
Ponce, Puerto Rico16 contribuciones
Un pasado a recordar
dic. de 2018 • Familia
Otro exlibris de la ciudad Señorial de Ponce. Una belleza arquitectonica de un pasado reciente. Para visitar y sacar fotos.
Escrita el 4 de junio de 2019
Esta es la opinión subjetiva de un miembro de Tripadvisor, no de Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor realiza comprobaciones de las opiniones.
Freddy
Puerto Rico4 contribuciones
Durante estadía visité el Parque de Bomba
mar. de 2019 • En solitario
Estructura histórica la cual cuenta en el 1er nivel equipo y maquinarias de bomberos. En el 2do ni ver una sección de menorabilia y otra de arte itinerante.
Escrita el 31 de marzo de 2019
Esta es la opinión subjetiva de un miembro de Tripadvisor, no de Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor realiza comprobaciones de las opiniones.
Ivonne C
Boston, MA41 contribuciones
Interesante
jun. de 2018 • Parejas
El Parque de Bombas es un edificio que se halla ubicado en la plaza principal de la ciudad de Ponce, Puerto Rico, en el centro de la ciudad, relativamente cerca del Aeropuerto Internacional Mercedita, la autopista Luis A. Ferré, y varios hoteles de la ciudad. Antigua estación de bomberos famosa por su historia, el Parque ha sido reconocido por su papel histórico y arquitectónico en la sociedad puertorriqueña. Es sin duda un lugar histórico.
Escrita el 19 de marzo de 2019
Esta es la opinión subjetiva de un miembro de Tripadvisor, no de Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor realiza comprobaciones de las opiniones.
Pablo U
Quilpué, Chile13 contribuciones
Estación de bomberos
feb. de 2019 • Familia
Es el edificio de los bomberos se encuentra al costado de la catedral. Puedes pasar por allí y sacar algunas fotos.
Escrita el 1 de febrero de 2019
Esta es la opinión subjetiva de un miembro de Tripadvisor, no de Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor realiza comprobaciones de las opiniones.
Rolando341
Ponce, Puerto Rico53 contribuciones
CONOCIENDO A PONCE Y SU CULTURA
dic. de 2018 • Amigos
Se pasa muy bien, las personas son cortes y muy amables,todo estaba muy limpio, horario flexible, facil de accesar
Escrita el 6 de enero de 2019
Esta es la opinión subjetiva de un miembro de Tripadvisor, no de Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor realiza comprobaciones de las opiniones.
rodriguezcarlos0520
Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico2 contribuciones
Parque de Bombas
sept. de 2018 • Parejas
La primera estación de bomberos de la ciudad! Es impresionante que después de tantos años mantengan parte de los artículos que utilizaban incluyendo hasta el vehículo de la época.
Escrita el 28 de septiembre de 2018
Esta es la opinión subjetiva de un miembro de Tripadvisor, no de Tripadvisor LLC.
Tripadvisor realiza comprobaciones de las opiniones.
lelisan
Puerto Rico252 contribuciones
De niña no visitaba
sept. de 2018 • Parejas
Me gusto recordar buenos momentos un lugar que esta ahi por muchos años. Al frente hay un lugar que venden helados que no lo visite pues ya habia comido postre en otro lugar pero me han dicho que son super recomendados los helados y barquillas sera en la proxima visita.
Escrita el 25 de septiembre de 2018
Esta es la opinión subjetiva de un miembro de Tripadvisor, no de Tripadvisor LLC. Tripadvisor realiza comprobaciones de las opiniones.
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As you know, during the Second World War, Spain formally remained a neutral country. However, many of its citizens got to the fronts, who were volunteers in the full sense of the word. Their participation in air battles of the Great Patriotic War is still little studied by domestic researchers, although in the West (primarily in Spain) several serious work on this subject. together all the materials at their disposal and submit to the reader’s judgment this work. nine0006 To participate in the battles on the Eastern Front, Germany attracted a large number of volunteers, of whom in a fairly short period of time many national divisions have been formed. The number of people who want to fight turned out to be just huge – in Europe, many hated communism (according to various reasons) and hurried to make their modest contribution to Hitler’s campaign against Stalin and his system. One of the most numerous were units of Spanish volunteers recruited by the Nationalist Party “Phalanx” (in total there were about 18 thousand people). Among them were aviators. nine0006 The history of the Spanish volunteers in the Luftwaffe began on 25 July 1941, when on the northern outskirts of Madrid gathered (with active assistance of the Ministry of Defense, of course) a group of people who want to get into to the Eastern Front. Priest. The pilots had a lot of experience – almost all of them went through the crucible civil war, and the total score of air victories reached 79. Initially, the path group lay in Germany, where they had to master new aircraft. Already September 5 after a short retraining course, the Spaniards received the first Me-109E (by the way, All pilots joined the Luftwaffe by signing a six-month contract). Every plane received an emblem taken from the banner of the Falangists, on which flying birds and the inscription “Vista Suerie y al Togo” (in a rough translation it sounds like “With a warm heart – forward, to the bull!”. In general, what Spaniard does not like bullfighting! ). After 3 weeks, a group named “Blue Squadron” (Escuadn’lla Azul), went to the front. In the Luftwaffe, she received an official designation 15th “Spanish” squadron and became part of the 27th fighter squadron (Jagdgeschwader 27), commanded by Major Bernard Woldeng. At first, the volunteers came near Minsk, but very soon, along with the entire squadron relocated near Smolensk, where there were stubborn battles. nine0006 The Spanish combat debut in the east was unsuccessful. 2 October their four attacked a group of DB-3 bombers, which were covered by I-16s. Soviet fighters were able not only to defend their wards, but also shot down one of the best pilots of the 15th “Spanish” Luis Alcocera Moreno-Abella, which during the civil war completed 182 sorties and destroyed 5 aircraft. He tried to land the riddled “Messer”, but crashed and died. However, after 2 days, the first victories appeared on the squadron’s account. Unit commander Angel Salas Larraeabal shot down Pe-2 and I-16 in one battle. Then he announced the destruction of the aircraft, “outwardly similar to the I-16” – the Spaniards the Soviet materiel was not well known, so identification errors were frequent. nine0006 Spanish squadron was used by the German command very intensively – in a short time 15. departure. On October 13, Lieutenant Esteban Ibarregue shot down a biplane (according to unconfirmed data, I-153), and captain Carlos Bayo – MiG-3. In the same battle, a pair of Me-109E attacked three DB-3s left without fighter cover, and shot down one of them. However on the same day, during a sudden attack on the airfield, Soviet bombers deprived unit immediately 2 Me-109. Meanwhile, the front was rapidly approaching Moscow, and the Spaniards moved to Kalinin. Soon, their account already had 8 air victories. But in mid-October, the combat readiness of the squadron significantly decreased. The reason for this was early frosts, which are not used to heat-loving southerners. Continued to inflict sensitive losses and the Soviet bomber aviation. So, on October 21, 1941, 2 fighters were damaged during an attack. nine0006 October 25 during the attack on the Soviet airfield in Klin, steam Bayo and Salas were shot down by a MiG-3 that took off (according to other sources, it was destroyed on the ground ). artillery, but the pilot managed to bring him home. On 31 October Salas was awarded Iron Cross 1st class, which I received from the hands of the commander of the 7th air corps General Richthofen. At the beginning of November, the “Spanish” squadron moved to the airfield in the town of Rusa, from where not a single plane took off for a whole week – they stood very coldy. Only on the 13th did the Spaniards dare to strike at the Soviet airfields in the Nikolsky area, where 2 aircraft were destroyed on the ground. Germans in it time intensified offensive operations, and heat-loving volunteers from the Pyrenees I had to overcome my fear of the Russian cold weather and make a lot of sorties. AT one of them, 2 groups of “Messers”, led by Salas and Munes, covered the raid Ju-87 and Hs-123 to Soviet positions in the area of Esipovo and Dukhanino. Lead aircraft the second group was shot down, the pilot used a parachute, but in his part did not returned. began his career as a pilot in one of the civil airlines, but already during the civil war commanded a squadron of fighters. nine0006 November 27 Aristides went missing under similar circumstances Garcia-Lopez Rengel, his Me-109E-7 was shot down near the city of Istra. According to Soviet data, on November 27, 1941, near the village of Avduevka, anti-aircraft gunners of Lieutenant P. L. Bonar shot down Hs-123, which fell right on the battery positions. The pilot who died was Spanish. in the rank of Major and had two Crosses. It is possible that there was an ordinary wartime mistake, and it was still a fighter. On December 3 or 4, the Spaniards suffered another loss – Lieutenant Ricardo Bartolomeo Chavvaria went missing. nine0006 At the beginning of December the thermometer showed -35°C. The Spaniards did not find nothing better than to disguise your planes and make rare sorties for reconnaissance over the outskirts of Moscow and patrols over their base. The state of the squadron was affected by losses, moreover, due to the vicissitudes climate, most of the pilots “did not get out” of the hospital. German the command took the Spanish unit to the airfield in Dugino near Vitebsk, a 6 January 19At the age of 42, the personnel began to prepare for their departure home. On March 1, all the survivors arrived in Madrid, where they were waiting for solemn meeting. At the front, the squadron made 449 sorties, of which 178 combat (84 – for attack). According to Spanish data, 11 enemy aircraft (of which 4 are on the ground). Own losses amounted to 4 pilots and 6 aircraft (according to other sources, 11 Me-109E-3 burned down on the ground, 13 other vehicles were damaged or out of order). One pilot, Captain Lopez, deserted. He not only surrendered, but expressed desire to fight in the ranks of the Red Army! How did his future destiny, I can’t say for sure. It is known that in the Kuban in one of the schools he served pilot-instructor with a similar surname, and some researchers claim that it was him. SECOND W A L N A The headquarters of the Spanish Air Force counted the actions of their volunteers on The East was quite successful and began to recruit a second group to be sent to war. It included 19 pilots and about 100 technical personnel. Squadron this time received “Messerschmitts” of a more modern modification “F”. Back to top June 1942, the unit arrived at the front in the Orel region. On June 8, the official the ceremony of creating the 15th “Spanish” squadron as part of the 51st fighter squadron ( 15.(Span)/JG.51 ). Throughout June, the pilots carried out familiarization flights, and only on July 1 did their baptism of fire take place. The six “Messers” were alerted and sent to intercept a group of 3 Il-2 attack aircraft and several LaGG-3 covers that were going to bomb the airfield where the Spaniards were. AT In the ensuing battle, Captain Juan Frutos and Lieutenant Ramon knocked out one Soviet fighter. Labat – his Me-109F-2 crashed near Mtsensk. On July 5, 3 victories were won at once in one battle: a new commander Squadron Captain Manuel Bengoechea, Lieutenants Federico Garrett and Emilio Baragnano shot down DB-3, LaGG-3 and Pe-2. Lieutenant Ramon Escude announced the downed Pe-2, but his information was not confirmed, and the victory was not credited to him. In the same fight was shot down himself, used a parachute and landed safely near the town of Volkhov, in the territory controlled by the Germans. nine0006 July 18 reconnaissance FW-189 was attacked by three LaGG-3, and Captain Jose Arango and Lieutenant Javier Arraiza rushed to his aid. Although Spanish pilots announced 3 victories, but confirmation came only on 2 downed Soviet fighters. Supporting the general offensive of the German army on Stalingrad, Luftwaffe planes made up to 1000 sorties a day. on the ground and suffered significant losses. On August 2, aircraft No. 6702 was shot down over Rzhev, and a day later, number 9 collapsed in the air541. Unfortunately, no details of these losses have not yet been found. August 7 Antonio Navarro Perez on the Me-109F-2 collided in the air with the plane of his wingman Lieutenant Andreas Robles and died. There were, of course same, and victory. So, Captain Bengoechea and Lieutenant Escude shot down 2 Il-2 attack aircraft, pilots whose captain Tikhanovich and junior lieutenant Kostenko were captured. After 2 days, the Spaniards chalked up 2 victories: Captain Frutos shot down a Pe-2, and lieutenant Baranyano – IL-2. 29October Captains Bengoechea and Carlos Sierra shot down according to “LaGG” each. The last victory of the pilots of the second group was won by 11 November, when Lieutenant Luis Medrano shot down a Pe-2. November 30, 1942, after 6 months at the front (standard contract term for a fighter pilot), the squadron received an order end the fighting and go home. sorties, took part in 117 air battles and won about 15 victories (including possible and unconfirmed). As usual, there are other data: 1182 departures, 13 reliable victories and at least 5 unconfirmed or possible. Such a small number of victories is primarily due to defensive tactics. fighters. The Spaniards lost 6 aircraft and 2 pilots, in addition, Lieutenant Ramon Gisbert Escude was wounded. nine0006 THIRD WAVE This group of 20 people under the command of Carlos Ferrandis arrived on the Eastern Front at the end of November 1942 to replace pilots second wave. However, 7 pilots from the old squad expressed a desire to continue “his war”. The very first air battle was lost. December 1, making a pair of reconnaissance flights near the village of Troitskoye, the Spanish pilots were suddenly attacked by a lone LaGG-3. Plane of Andreas Asensi Alfares-Arenas was shot down, the pilot was able to make an emergency landing, but fell into the hands of the Soviet fighters. nineteen53 years after the death of Stalin (according to other sources – only in 1954). The first victories were won on December 27th. Lieutenant Cramelo Lacruz shot down an Il-2, and a pilot from the previous squad, Emilio Baragnano, shot down another such the same plane, and the Spaniard came under fire from the gunner of this attack aircraft and finished departure by forced landing. Fernando Bengoa, who also served a second term, attacked Pe-2, which exploded in the air. Beginning 1943 years caught the Spanish pilots in a very difficult situations. If in 1941 – 1942 the squadron worked from relatively safe airfields away from the front line, now the bases were in the zone the actions of the partisans, who committed a number of successful sabotage. Spanish squadron I had to urgently change field airfields several times, and during one of such flights on January 12, 1943, the plane of Lieutenant Carmelo Lacruz Cuervo scooped up and crashed. for treatment in Spain. nine0006 January 27 was the squadron’s most successful day ever stay in the USSR! Lieutenants Baragnano and Martinez shot down 2 Pe-2s each, Francisco Beriain destroyed 2 LaGG-3s, and Lieutenant Gonzalo Hevia destroyed another fighter of this type. Lieutenant Ramon Gavilian said he shot down I-153 (he left the battle and landed at his own airfield). The Red Army at that moment began active offensive actions. In the air every day hot fights flared up. Having an explicit superiority over the LaGGs, the Spaniards could break through fighter cover and attack the strike machines. So, from February 22 to 24, the squadron pilots shot down 11 Soviet aircraft (5 Il-2, 3 LaGG-3, 2 Pe-2 and 1 La-5). At the same time, three times Hevia excelled. From 7 to 10 March, 15.(Span)/JG.51 was credited with 7 more victories: 2 Il-2 and 5 fighters. According to incomplete data, by the end of March, the pilots shot down 3 more LaGG-3s and a bomber. performing combat missions, only Captain Antonio Garcia Menendez-Conde died, which was shot down on March 21 in a fierce air battle. In addition, March 18 during a training flight, Lieutenant Narciso Garcia Garcia crashed, and the night before, Soviet partisans crept up to the airfield and blew up one Me-109F-4. During this tense period, the Germans decided to rearm the Spaniards on the new FW-190 fighters. The first to be retrained at the headquarters of the squadron JG.51 went Hevia, who knew German well. Kurt was his mentor. Thunder (during the war he shot down 143 aircraft, continued to serve in the German Air Force until 1960, engaged in the training of flight personnel). As early as April 14, 1943, Hevia flew in tandem with Thunder on a combat mission and shot down a Pe-2. The rest of the Spaniards were able to fully master the new aircraft by April 25th. True, now only the most experienced ones dared to engage in battles with Soviet fighters. the loss of the Fokker occurred on 1 (according to other sources, 5) May: lieutenant Juan Rosselo Simone parachuted out of an out-of-control plane, but the parachute did not open. According to some reports, this was preceded by an attack by a pair of LaGG-3s. nine0006 From the beginning of June, heavy defensive battles began. Aerodrome often began to be attacked by Soviet bombers, as a result, the Spaniards lost several planes. June 8 Lieutenant Alejandro Perez Gonzalez shot down a Pe-2 but died after an attack by cover fighters. The last victory of the pilots of this group was won July 4: Lieutenant Bernado Menesses shot down an La-5. In general, Spanish pilots the third wave made 1716 sorties and destroyed 63 aircraft in 112 air battles. Own losses – 7 pilots (4 dead, 2 out of action due to wounded and 1 taken prisoner). nine0006 F H E R T A Y W A L N A A group led by Mariano Cuadra arrived at the front in the midst of battles near Kursk. the squadron was regularly transferred to field sites along the front line. Already on July 6, the first victory was won – Lieutenant Jose Mateos shot down La-5. Beginning from July 12, the German command began to involve the Spaniards in escorting the Non-111. During one of these sorties, fortune turned away from Edward about Garcia Amigo. When repelling the attack of LaGG-3, his wingman Lieutenant Manuel Sanchez Tabernero came out from the battle. The Amigo plane was shot down and crashed near the Zhizdra River. The pilot went missing lead. According to some reports, the victory was won by one of the pilots of the French squadron. “Normandy”. nine0006 The fighting in the air took place almost continuously, and in them the Spaniards won more than 40 victories. Only on August 12 they shot down 4 La-5s and 1 LaGG-3. In that day, Soviet fighters set fire to Geraldo Escalante’s plane, which received seriously injured and bailed out with a parachute. Russians: who fought on the side of the Germans! The Spanish pilot was placed in nearest hospital, and subsequently evacuated to Spain. nine0006 August 21 Luis Chiggaro Lamammi rammed in his first sortie fighter La-5 in the Demyansk-Nikolsk area and died. On the fate of the Soviet the pilot is unknown. Another aircraft was soon lost: Lieutenant Pedro Lacalle Orellana made an emergency landing in the Bryansk region, and on August 31 in Captain Alfaro Marimon was killed in a battle over Yelnya with a pair of Soviet fighters. In September, combat activity intensified even more. The Spaniards made 575 sorties in a month, shot down or damaged 15 aircraft, and lieutenant Salvador Sierra also destroyed a balloon (the documents indicated that on September 12 he shot down 2 balloons and an airship! ). 18 September four FW-190 escorted bombers and was attacked by Soviet fighters. Airplane Luis Estebanez Vela was shot down, and the pilot made an emergency landing in the area Yelny. In October 1943, the Red Army launched a new offensive. 21 October Lieutenant Damasco Arango shot down an Il-2. On the same day in battle with IL-2 and LaGG-3 (according to other sources – with a pair of Yak-9) Lieutenant Enrique died 15 km from Orsha Pareja Nunez. The next month was relatively quiet for the Spanish squadron. On November 12, Jose Recasens Garriga attacked an Il-2 group, but was shot down by fighters escort, jumped out with a parachute and was subsequently sent to Spain on wound. A week later, during a morning sortie over Orsha, he crashed Lieutenant Fernando Sanchez-Arjona Cotroy. Causes of the incident in known sources are not specified. nine0006 December 5 in the area of Bobruisk by the victim of Lieutenant Francisco Valiente was the bomber A-20B “Boston”. The last flights of the fourth wave pilots made on January 10 1944. On that day, 8 FW-190s (6 Germans and 2 Spaniards) accompanied group Ju-87. Cavanilles Bereterra did not return from relegation. On the same day, Francisco Valiente won a second victory over the A-20B. In total, the pilots of the fourth wave made 19eighteen sorties and shot down 74 aircraft in 277 air battles. 7 pilots killed or missing missing, and 3 were out of action due to injury, In this group, aces became: Squadron Leader Captain Mariano Cuadra (10 victories), Lieutenants Fernando Sanchez-Arjona Cotroy (9 wins) and Damasco Arango Lopez (7 wins). After the defeats suffered by Germany, General Franco began to fear that the allies would violate the neutrality of his country, so he became unenthusiastic to send pilots to the Eastern Front. Now the Spanish volunteers had to by hook or by crook to cross the Pyrenees to the French airfield De Bergerac, where, under continuous Allied bombing, they hastily mastered Me-109 fighterG and almost one by one went to the front. At the destination near Bobruisk, the last train of the “Blue squadron “gathered by February 23, 1944. The unit was commanded by Javier Murcia. Due to the circumstances, the group fought very little, and Already on March 5, she was recalled to Spain. For incomplete 2 front-line weeks, pilots squadrons made 86 sorties, participated in only 6 air battles, without winning not a single victory. But there were no losses. In dogfight 17 (by other data – 27) February Me-109Lieutenant G Estanislao Segurola Guerka was shot down by fighters near Porichi. The pilot died. Later it was it was announced that the wreckage of the aircraft was found near Moiseevka, but the remains the pilot was not found. SUBSCRIPTION In just 28 months of combat work, Spanish pilots made about 5500 sorties, conducted 606 air battles and won 158 victories. 12 pilots killed, 6 injured, 7 missing, 1 captured, 1 went over to the side of the enemy. of which 12 became aces, that is, they destroyed more than 5 enemy aircraft. Another 30 pilots won fewer victories. True, there are also markedly different from the above intelligence. So, in the Polish edition of Monografie Lotnicze No. 50 Messerschmitt Me-109 on page 96 we read: “… the results of the activities of all” Blue squadrons” were not in favor of the Spaniards in terms of losses. On the Me-109 with the emblem of the Falangists 56 air victories were won with 50 aircraft lost in battle, destroyed or damaged on the ground. 11 pilots were killed and captured. “ In conclusion, we want to note that quite a lot of Spaniards fought and as part of the Red Army Air Force. However, when researching this topic, one has to face with great difficulty, since the Spanish aviators were scattered over different units of the huge Soviet-German front, and information about them is literally scattered across multiple sources. Russian names and surnames. We hope this article resonates. enthusiasts who can help in the future in the study of this interesting themes. nine0006
Mikhail A. Igor N. Gordelyanov (Drogobych, Lviv region). |
Therefore, the authors took the liberty of reducing
It included 129 people, including 17 pilots and a military
(Span) / JG.27 made 123 combat
The plane of Lieutenant Sesteros was damaged by anti-aircraft fire.
It can be assumed that, being wounded, he froze. Jose Munes Perez
nine0006 
However, in this battle, the squadron commander, Captain Antonio Noriega, died.
The Spaniards also did not sit out
Pilots of the second wave made 1312
He spent 11 years in Soviet camps and was released under an amnesty in
The pilot was seriously injured, after which he was sent
As for losses, at that time during
First
Bryansk was considered its main base airfield, although
On the ground, he immediately fell into the hands
Nothing is known about his further fate.
In the area of the village of Osarichi, they were attacked by the Yakov group, and Jose
In total, 9 received combat experience.6 pilots,
The matter is complicated by the fact that the Spaniards often took
Zhirokhov (Komsomolsk, Donetsk region).The real sensation of “Munich-38” is the reports of Soviet intelligence officers September 1938 was signed by the leaders of Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy and provided for the transfer of the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia to the Third Reich. The Munich Agreement (under this name the treaty entered the history of diplomacy) had disastrous consequences not only for the Czechoslovak Republic (CSR), but for the whole of Europe as a whole and became one of the reasons for the outbreak of World War II. nine0006
A treasure trove of secrets
The organizers – the Federal Archival Agency (Rosarchive), the Russian State Military Archive and the State Archive of the Russian Federation – talentedly implemented the exhibition project, and the viewer got the opportunity to move to a time that is three generations away from us, visually imagine and feel the past in its incompleteness and tragic inevitability.
The spectacle of the project is exceptionally high. The effect of presence is obvious and undeniable, and the amount of intelligence information declassified and presented in showcases strikes the most daring imagination. The real sensation of “Munich-38” is the reports of Soviet intelligence officers sent to the Center from Prague, Warsaw, Paris, Rome. They coexist with information from the German and Polish intelligence services – as a result, the viewer moves behind the scenes of a historical event, feels like a participant in a intelligence duel, and he has an expressive and polyphonic image of the past. Using “severe Rembrandt colors”, the organizers painted a monumental picture of the turning point in the history of the twentieth century. nine0006
On the axis of time 1938 The 20th anniversary of the end of the First World War is approaching. The system of international relations formed by the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919, which officially put an end to the First World War, is going through a severe crisis.
Hitler’s Germany yearns for revenge.
Before and after the Anschluss
February 25, 1938, even before the Anschluss of Austria, the Central Department III 1 of the Main Directorate of the SD (Security Service) of the NSDAP, when reviewing the military measures of the Czechoslovakia, unequivocally formulates the idea of revising the borders: “To the east of the German After the World War, the former states were divided into extremely small formations on the borders, not on the basis of the “principle of nationalities” or the “right of peoples to self-determination”, but primarily on the desire to contain Germany through non-independent, compliant satellites of the French policy of isolation in the East. The most peculiar states of this type is the formation of “Czechoslovakia”. Politically, and militarily, France stood at the cradle of the Czech Republic. The natural consequence is that the Czechs tried to strengthen the position of their state through the closest political and military rapprochement with France and its allies “.
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On March 12-13, 1938, Austria was included in the Third Reich, after which Germany began a long-planned multi-way, but extremely short-term combination to eliminate Czechoslovakia – the first step was to be the rejection of the Sudetenland, where ethnic Germans lived compactly.
Not earlier than March 26, 1938, the assistant to the Soviet military attaché in Prague, Major Vladimir Nesterovich Kashuba, sent by diplomatic mail to the Foreign Relations Department of the People’s Commissariat of Defense (NPO) of the USSR an information letter about the arbitrariness of the Sudeten German Party, headed by the leader of the local Germans Konrad Henlein, immediately after the Anschluss of Austria, arrived in Berlin for instructions. In fact, a Soviet military intelligence officer described a phenomenon that today is called the technology of “color revolutions.” nine0006
“The SNP is engaged in unlimited national agitation. It does whatever it wants. It is customary to use the Hitler salute almost everywhere.
At a meeting of SNP members in Karlsbad (now Karlovy Vary – S.E.), the meeting was opened with the greeting “Heil Hitler” ( so in the text – S. E.) … The transition of state officials and the broad masses of the people to the SNP occurs through obvious terror… Members of the SNP go from house to house and offer all citizens to sign cards on joining the SNP, if they refuse, they threaten with hanging, arson of houses and In factories, foremen and employees bypass the workers and call for joining the Sudeten-German Party, and openly threaten reprisals and deprivation of work if the worker refuses to join the SNP. nine0006
Polish Gambit
Voroshilov about Poland’s preparation for military aggression against Czechoslovakia. This preparation was carried out all the months remaining until Munich. For example, on September 25, 1938, an adviser to the Polish Foreign Ministry, Piotr Kurnitsky, wrote a memo about a trip to Uzhgorod and suggested using the OUN for sabotage work on the territory of Czechoslovakia.
“It would be a double benefit, since we could get rid of this element, and at the same time create chaos in the Czech Republic” . July 17 19In 1938, a Polish intelligence officer sent an undercover report to the II Department of the General Staff of the Polish Army (aka “Dvoika”, engaged in intelligence and counterintelligence) about Germany’s plans, where he described a phenomenon that is now called “controlled chaos”.
“… Competent German circles around mid-August should start very active activities in the Sudeten territory. During this period of time, an uprising […] of Henlein against the Czech authorities should break out. The Germans are counting on the fact that, having created chaos, as a result uprisings, they will, on the one hand, cause a quick and harsh reaction from the Czech authorities, and on the other hand, by showing the methods of suppressing the uprising, they will prepare public opinion in England to, if necessary, accept the idea of immediate annexation as the only means that will help to avoid bloodshed” .
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The scout looked into the water, foreseeing the Munich agreement. The Soviet Union could interfere with the implementation of these plans – the tripartite agreements signed in May 1935 between Moscow, Prague and Paris could become the basis for the “peace enforcement operation”. But for the intervention of the USSR in the conflict, the consent of France, whose prime minister Edouard Daladier decided the fate of the world in Munich, was strictly necessary …
But in Warsaw they carefully monitored the possibility of the intervention of the Red Army and were very afraid of it. 1 August 1938, the head of the II department of the General Staff of the Polish Army T. Pelchinsky reported to the chief of the General Staff of the Polish Army V. Stakhevich about the deployment of Soviet aviation on the territory of Czechoslovakia (a map was attached to the report).
“I report to Pan General that, according to our estimates, information (obtained from various sources) regarding the presence of Soviet aviation in the following areas can be considered reliable information: in Prague, in Brno, in Prostějov (Moravia), in Bratislava and Uzhgorod, moreover the total number of Soviet aircraft in these areas is about 43.
Information about 120 Soviet aircraft in Prague has not yet been confirmed. The total number of Soviet personnel is about 120 people (this information can be considered reliable) “. The reliability of the “Dvuika” information is ominously doubtful. There were no units of the Red Army on Czechoslovak territory, and the planes marked by the Poles were Soviet SB bombers purchased in the USSR, in Czechoslovakia they were called SB.71. nine0006
Ready to fight?
Even after the escalation of the conflict around the Sudetenland in September 1938, it seemed that the Czechoslovakia would be able to defend itself. In these troubled days, the authority of the USSR rose to an unprecedented height, about which Major Kashuba immediately informed the NPO. “The USSR is a symbol of the salvation of Czechoslovakia, and the most consistent democratic circles close to the government, as well as the coalition Clerical Party, believe in this strength. There is great confidence in the help of the USSR in the ranks of the Czechoslovak army.
The army is determined to fight to the last man. Please take into account a very important shift in the mood of wide circles military, namely:
– General Phifer 12.9. was at comrade. Aleksandrovsky and said that it would be desirable to send the future commander of the Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia with his headquarters to Prague.
… At the General Staff they bombarded me with questions – “How will you help us?” They say that there is only hope for you, for your Great People and for your Red Army. the need to declare a partial mobilization in the USSR and conduct a press campaign to make the leaders of Germany and Poland believe in the possibility of a big war with the participation of the Soviet Union.0006
However, Poland refused to let the Red Army troops pass through its territory and, threatening war, declared that if Soviet planes appeared over Poland on their way to Czechoslovakia, they would be attacked by Polish aircraft. The USSR was not afraid of this statement.
Military equipment began to be delivered to Czechoslovakia through Romania in advance, and this information from Polish intelligence is already partially, but reliable.
On September 27, the Polish consul in Chisinau, A. Ponce de Sandon, sent a report to his embassy in Bucharest: “Transports with military materials from Soviet Russia continue to go both through Cainary-Bessarabka and through Chisinau. Until now these transports consisted in particular of: tanks, machine guns, gas masks and closed box wagons with unknown cargo (with inscriptions “explosif” – thus, most likely, with ammunition).From a well-informed source (railroad workers) I have information that until September 25, about 600 wagons with Soviet military materials for Czechoslovakia passed through Chisinau. The consul made a mistake about something: the USSR never exported tanks to Czechoslovakia. nine0006
And yet collusion
On September 29, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, after hearing Voroshilov, decided on an additional conscription from the reserve of assigned staff, conscription for the training camp of the command and command staff of the Red Army reserve, the allocation of horses and trucks for the needs of the army and sending students of military academies to the headquarters of military districts.
Rifle and cavalry divisions, aviation, tank brigades and air defense troops were put on alert on the southwestern and western borders. nine0006
What follows is well known. On the same day in Munich, Hitler met with the heads of government of Great Britain, France and Italy, Chamberlain Daladier and Mussolini. Czechoslovak representatives were not allowed to discuss the agreement. The USSR, as well as the German allies in the fight against Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary, were denied participation in the meeting. At 1 am on September 30, 1938, the Munich Agreement was signed. Neville Chamberlain kept his word to Hitler: the Third Reich received the Sudetenland “without war and without delay.” Poland, offended by Hitler, took part in the division of Czechoslovakia without his consent and sent its troops into the Teszyn region after an ultimatum presented at the end of the day on September 30th. Hungary, with the help of arbitration in Vienna, after some time occupied the southern (flat) regions of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus (modern Transcarpathian region of Ukraine).
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If we consider the changes in the political map of Europe in the “big historical time”, one can discern “their only historical content” – the irrational fear of the proud West of the “Russian bear” and the arrogant unwillingness to recognize the Soviet Union as the legitimate successor of the Russian state, which, however, and in the 19th century haughtily denied the “patent for nobility”, and in this capacity to give the USSR the right to vote in the collective consideration of all European problems. That is why the exhibition “Munich-38” is extremely relevant and extremely modern. nine0006
The troops of the Red Army, concentrated to help Czechoslovakia, ready to carry out a “peace enforcement operation”, remained on the border until October 25, 1938, after which they returned to their permanent deployment areas. It was not possible to force the aggressor to peace. However, the policy of appeasing the aggressor pursued by Chamberlain and Daladier, who were greeted by jubilant crowds upon their return home (there will be no war with Hitler now!) very soon proved to be untenable.
On September 1, 1939, World War II began. Only after its completion was the status of a great power officially recognized for the USSR, which in Paris could well have been remembered in September 1938th.
Could it be that the great philosopher Hegel was right, and the experience of History has taught peoples and governments nothing?!
P.S. Konrad Henlein became Reichskommissar for the Sudetenland and SS-Obergruppenführer. In May 1945, he was captured by the Americans and on May 10 committed suicide by breaking his glasses and cutting his veins with glasses.
Pavel Rybalko, a career officer of the Intelligence Directorate, became famous during the Great Patriotic War: he became twice a Hero of the Soviet Union and a holder of five military orders. 1 June 1945 he was awarded the rank of marshal of the armored forces.
Vladimir Kashuba during the war with Finland commanded the 35th tank brigade, was seriously wounded, but did not leave the battlefield and continued to lead the unit until the combat mission was completed.