Current colonies: These 17 territories around the world are still under colonial rule

How Many Countries?

Updated February 11, 2017 | Infoplease Staff

There are 196 countries in the world today.

Unless you don’t count Taiwan…

Taiwan is not considered an official country by many, which would bring the count down to 195 countries. Although Taiwan operates as an independent country, many countries (including the U.S.) do not officially recognize it as one. Because the People’s Republic of China considers Taiwan a breakaway province of China, countries who wish to maintain diplomatic relations with China have had to sever their formal relations with Taiwan (more than 100 countries, however, have unofficial relations with Taiwan).

How many countries belong to the United Nations?

193 countries are UN members. The exceptions are Taiwan (in 1971, the UN ousted Taiwan and replaced it with the People’s Republic of China) and Vatican City. Kosovo is not yet a member. The newest UN members are Switzerland (2002), Montenegro (2006), and South Sudan.

What are the world’s newest countries?

The world’s newest country is South Sudan, which gained independence from Sudan on July 9, 2011. Before that, the newest country was Kosovo, which declared independence from Serbia in February 2008. Montenegro became a country in June 2006, after splitting off from Serbia. Since 1990, 29 new nations have come into being. Many of these emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union (14 countries) and the breakup of the former Yugoslavia (7 countries). See our Guide to New Nations.

Are there still any countries that have colonies?

There are 61 colonies or territories in the world. Eight countries maintain them: Australia (6), Denmark (2), Netherlands (2), France (16), New Zealand (3), Norway (3), the United Kingdom (15), and the United States (14). See Territories, Colonies, and Dependencies for a list of the world’s colonies and what countries administrate them, p. 663.

Are there still territories in the world that are claimed by more than one country?

There are six major disputed territories in the world: the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, Western Sahara, and Antarctica (about a dozen nations have laid claims to portions of it). In addition, there are innumerable other territorial disputes throughout the world, many of which had resulted in ongoing armed conflicts.

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British Empire | History, Countries, Map, Size, & Facts

British Empire

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Date:

1601 – 1997

Major Events:

British raj
North Africa campaigns
American Revolution
New Imperialism
French and Indian War

Key People:

William Pitt, the Younger
William Pitt the Elder
Robert Clive
Warren Hastings
Frederick Lugard

Related Topics:

Western colonialism
slavery
Commonwealth
imperialism
East India Company

Related Places:

India
Canada
Australia
Singapore
New Zealand

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Top Questions

What was the British Empire?

British Empire was a worldwide system of dependencies that was brought under the sovereignty of the crown of Great Britain and the administration of the British government over some three centuries.

When did the British Empire begin?

The first tentative steps toward the establishment of the British Empire began with overseas settlements in the 16th century. Great Britain’s maritime expansion accelerated in the 17th century and resulted in the establishment of settlements in North America and the West Indies. The East India Company began establishing trading posts in India in 1600, and the first permanent British settlement in Africa was made at James Island in the Gambia River in 1661.

Which sub-Saharan African country was the first to gain independence from the British Empire?

In 1957 the Gold Coast became the first sub-Saharan African colony of the British Empire to reach independence (as Ghana).

What was the last significant colony of the British Empire?

The last significant colony of the British Empire was Hong Kong. It was returned to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.

Does the British Empire still exist today?

The British Empire does not exist today. However, the Commonwealth is a free association of sovereign states comprising the United Kingdom and many of its former dependencies that acknowledge the British monarch as the association’s symbolic head.

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Discover what made the British Empire a successful colonial power in India and North America

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British Empire, a worldwide system of dependencies—colonies, protectorates, and other territories—that over a span of some three centuries was brought under the sovereignty of the crown of Great Britain and the administration of the British government. The policy of granting or recognizing significant degrees of self-government by dependencies, which was favoured by the far-flung nature of the empire, led to the development by the 20th century of the notion of a “British Commonwealth,” comprising largely self-governing dependencies that acknowledged an increasingly symbolic British sovereignty. The term was embodied in statute in 1931. Today the Commonwealth includes former elements of the British Empire in a free association of sovereign states.

Origins of the British Empire

Great Britain made its first tentative efforts to establish overseas settlements in the 16th century. Maritime expansion, driven by commercial ambitions and by competition with France, accelerated in the 17th century and resulted in the establishment of settlements in North America and the West Indies. By 1670 there were British American colonies in New England, Virginia, and Maryland and settlements in the Bermudas, Honduras, Antigua, Barbados, and Nova Scotia. Jamaica was obtained by conquest in 1655, and the Hudson’s Bay Company established itself in what became northwestern Canada from the 1670s on. The East India Company began establishing trading posts in India in 1600, and the Straits Settlements (Penang, Singapore, Malacca, and Labuan) became British through an extension of that company’s activities. The first permanent British settlement on the African continent was made at James Island in the Gambia River in 1661. Slave trading had begun earlier in Sierra Leone, but that region did not become a British possession until 1787. Britain acquired the Cape of Good Hope (now in South Africa) in 1806, and the South African interior was opened up by Boer and British pioneers under British control.

Nearly all these early settlements arose from the enterprise of particular companies and magnates rather than from any effort on the part of the English crown. The crown exercised some rights of appointment and supervision, but the colonies were essentially self-managing enterprises. The formation of the empire was thus an unorganized process based on piecemeal acquisition, sometimes with the British government being the least willing partner in the enterprise.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the crown exercised control over its colonies chiefly in the areas of trade and shipping. In accordance with the mercantilist philosophy of the time, the colonies were regarded as a source of necessary raw materials for England and were granted monopolies for their products, such as tobacco and sugar, in the British market. In return, they were expected to conduct all their trade by means of English ships and to serve as markets for British manufactured goods. The Navigation Act of 1651 and subsequent acts set up a closed economy between Britain and its colonies; all colonial exports had to be shipped on English ships to the British market, and all colonial imports had to come by way of England. This arrangement lasted until the combined effects of the Scottish economist Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776), the loss of the American colonies, and the growth of a free-trade movement in Britain slowly brought it to an end in the first half of the 19th century.

The slave trade acquired a peculiar importance to Britain’s colonial economy in the Americas, and it became an economic necessity for the Caribbean colonies and for the southern parts of the future United States. Movements for the end of slavery came to fruition in British colonial possessions long before the similar movement in the United States; the trade was abolished in 1807 and slavery itself in Britain’s dominions in 1833.

Competition with France

British military and naval power, under the leadership of such men as Robert Clive, James Wolfe, and Eyre Coote, gained for Britain two of the most important parts of its empire—Canada and India. Fighting between the British and French colonies in North America was endemic in the first half of the 18th century, but the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which ended the Seven Years’ War (known as the French and Indian War in North America), left Britain dominant in Canada. In India, the East India Company was confronted by the French Compagnie des Indes, but Robert Clive’s military victories against the French and the rulers of Bengal in the 1750s provided the British with a massive accession of territory and ensured their future supremacy in India.

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The loss of Britain’s 13 American colonies in 1776–83 was compensated by new settlements in Australia from 1788 and by the spectacular growth of Upper Canada (now Ontario) after the emigration of loyalists from what had become the United States. The Napoleonic Wars provided further additions to the empire; the Treaty of Amiens (1802) made Trinidad and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) officially British, and in the Treaty of Paris (1814) France ceded Tobago, Mauritius, Saint Lucia, and Malta. Malacca joined the empire in 1795, and Sir Stamford Raffles acquired Singapore in 1819. Canadian settlements in Alberta, Manitoba, and British Columbia extended British influence to the Pacific, while further British conquests in India brought in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh and the Central Provinces, East Bengal, and Assam.

UK Overseas Territories – Visa4UK Blog

In this article of our blog we will talk about the UK as a state that owns overseas territories and countries. What is special about these territories? How were they received by Britain? Why did some of them have to regain sovereignty? All this will be discussed in our article.

• What are British Overseas Territories / British Overseas Territories
• The history of the penetration of England into the “new world”
• Office of Overseas Territories
• Anguilla / Anguilla
• Bermuda / Bermuda
• British Antarctic Territory
• Jersey and Guernsey / Channel Islands

Isle of Man

• Territories in the Indian Ocean / British Indian Ocean Territory
• British Virgin Islands / British Virgin Islands
• Gibraltar / Gibraltar
• Falkland Islands
• Saint Helena
• Other territories

British Overseas Territories / British Overseas Territories

Today, the UK has fourteen overseas territories that are not directly part of the state, but are under its sovereignty.

For the first time the term “British Overseas Territories” appeared not so long ago, only in 2002, simultaneously with the release of the law “On British Overseas Territories”. Previously, they were called “British Dependent Territories”. The latter were so named in 1981st year after the passage of the British Nationality Act. Prior to this, territories dependent on Great Britain were considered colonies.

It should be noted that the islands of Guernsey, Jersey and Maine have an excellent status. They belong to the category of Crown Lands, that is, they legally have a different level of relationship with the UK than overseas territories. At the same time, both categories of territories must be distinguished from the Commonwealth of Nations.

This association is voluntary and includes not only states that were previously British colonies, but also countries that have decided to join the Commonwealth solely for financial and economic reasons. For example, this was done by Mozambique, which no one belonged to Great Britain, and which was once a Portuguese colony. nine0005

In the context of the historical relationship between the colonies and protectors, there were significant differences, since the latter retained nominal independence. At the same time, they also differed from the dominions, completely independent states that had an equal status with Great Britain within the framework of a common empire. In general, the system of building the British Empire was distinguished by its complexity and diversity of subjects.

For example, Hong Kong was a crown colony ruled directly from London, not by local authorities. Self-governing colonies, such as Bermuda, were able to boast a certain amount of autonomy in government. nine0005

The total area of ​​the British Overseas Territories is 18131 sq. km, and the population is about 230 thousand inhabitants. It is worth noting that the UK also has its claims on a significant part of the Arctic (about 1.71 million sq. km), but on the basis of the Antarctic Treaty, any disputes over the territorial affiliation of the continent have been transferred to a frozen status.

The history of England’s penetration into the “New World”

The first British settlements in America appeared in the 16th century on the island of Newfoundland. They were founded by fishermen and were not permanent. Their use was seasonal. It must be pointed out that the settlements were the first residences of British subjects outside the empire. nine0005

In 1607, Jamestown was founded in what is now Virginia. Two years later, a settlement appeared in Bermuda, and it turned out to be forced, and was founded by the British, who were shipwrecked while trying to get to the “new world”. Later, along with the loss of colonies on the continent, Bermuda turned into the oldest colony of the British Empire in the Western Hemisphere.

Much later, Trinidad and Tobago was granted crown colony status (1797th year), Dominica (1805th year), Saint Lucia (1814th year).

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the British Empire expanded rapidly, reaching its maximum size by the end of the first quarter of the 19th century. Under her rule were about 25% of the entire territory of the Earth, primarily in Asia and Africa, and hundreds of millions of people. Most of the colonies existed for economic profit, and there were no plans to colonize them.

By the end of the 19th century, the colonies in Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand had become largely independent, capable of pursuing an independent policy on many issues. The exception was questions of defense, foreign policy and international trade. Subsequently, individual colonies were united into common states, for example, Canada appeared as a full-fledged country in 1867, and in 19In 01, the Union of South Africa emerged on the world map.

In the 1920s, these countries officially became known as dominions, and the signing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 made Canada, Australia, the Union of South Africa and a number of other territories completely independent. At the same time, instead of the British Empire, the British Commonwealth appeared, emphasizing the voluntary nature of the union of states. In 1949, a new name was adopted – the Commonwealth of Nations.

Most of the colonies became independent states, and some of them decided to keep the British queen as ruler, after which they turned into Commonwealth realms. Some countries chose the republican path of political development, but at the same time, Queen Elizabeth II remained their ruler as Head of the Commonwealth.

St. George Bermuda. The colony here was founded in 1609. It was formed by the passengers of one of the ships of the Virginia Company, which was wrecked on the islands. The islands received the status of a colony in 1612 after the expansion of the privileges of the Virginia Company to new territories. With the independence of Virginia, Bermuda and St. George became the oldest British settlement in the “New World” with a permanent population. nine0005

In the early 1980s, Great Britain lost its last mainland colonies, which until 1980 and 1981 were Southern Rhodesia and British Honduras, which received the names Zimbabwe and Belize upon gaining independence. Among the large colonies belonging to London, Hong Kong remained with its 5 million inhabitants, but administratively it was divided into two components.

The UK directly owned Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula. They were obtained as a result of the conclusion of the Beijing Treaty in 1860. In turn, the rest of Hong Kong remained Chinese, and was received by the UK on a long-term lease for a period of 99 years.

The lease agreement expired in 1997. Before its onset, a new British-Chinese agreement was signed, according to which Hong Kong was fully transferred to the administrative subordination of China, but with a number of mandatory conditions designed to preserve not only the capitalist way of the local economy, but also the basic principles of life of the population that were formed during the period of the British board. The validity of these requirements is 50 years from the date of Hong Kong’s transfer to Chinese jurisdiction. nine0005

The main reason for Britain’s refusal to continue to manage its part of Hong Kong was infrastructural problems. Over the past century, the system of engineering communications and life support has been built depending on the supply of the Chinese province of Guangdong.

After Hong Kong was handed over to China, the British colonies were left as small island territories with a minimum area and population.

It was impossible or inappropriate for them to gain independence for several reasons:

• Lack of desire for independence on the part of the representatives of the local population;
• Limited population that does not allow for the full functioning of an independent state;
• Substantial economic dependence of territories on UK aid;
• The need for a British military presence in the territory in order to protect them and protect other states in the region;
• Lack of political and economic grounds for gaining independence by the territories; nine0010
• Use of land for British military installations or scientific activities.

In 2002, the UK adopted the British Overseas Territories Act, passed by the national parliament. In particular, he established that the country had “overseas territories”, previously called “dependent”. The inhabitants of these territories simultaneously received British citizenship. This rule was not extended only to the territory of British military bases located on the territory of the island of Cyprus. nine0005

Today British Overseas Territories includes: Bermuda, Falklands, Turks and Caicos, Montserrat, Anguilla, British Virgin and Cayman Islands, Saint Helena and Pitcairn, Gibraltar, British Territory, Akrotiri, Dhekelia, South Sandwich Islands . The same applies to the British Arctic Territory. In fact, they are located in all regions of the world without exception.

Overseas Territories Administration

All British Overseas Territories are currently divided into two categories. The first is represented by three entities that do not belong to the category of crown lands. Another 14 are under the control of the British Queen, who appoints heads of executive authorities in each of the territories, exercising direct control on the ground in accordance with general British principles. nine0005

The term “British Overseas Territories” entered circulation less than two decades ago, and has only been used since 2002, becoming a replacement for the concept of “British Dependent Territories” or even earlier – a colony. The territories are governed by a governor appointed by the queen. In most cases, these are retired officers, but it is also possible to appoint persons who previously held exclusively civilian posts. The governor is responsible for managing the territories subordinate to him. nine0005

When considering the British overseas possessions, it is necessary to indicate the crown lands, which have a different legal status. These include the neighboring islands of Guernsey and Jersey, plus the Isle of Man. While under British sovereignty, these entities of international law are not members of the UK.

Jersey and Guernsey / Channel Islands

Jersey is 160 kilometers away from England and is part of the Channel Islands. The maximum size of the island is 14 by 8 kilometers, with a very impressive population of about 87 thousand inhabitants. The capital of the island is Saint Helier. Administratively, Jersey is divided into 12 districts. One of the main local attractions are the beautiful views of the Atlantic. nine0005

Guernsey is 130 kilometers away from England and is the second largest island in the Channel Islands group (78 sq. km). The capital is Saint Peter. The local population of 62.7 thousand people is mainly engaged in fishing. There are quite a few objects of medieval architecture on the island, and Guernsey itself is famous for the Frenchman Victor Hugo, who spent a total of 16 years of his life on the island.

Isle of Man

The island is located in the middle of the Irish Sea, and the distance from it to England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland is approximately the same. The area of ​​the island is much larger than the islands described above – about 570 sq. km. The population reaches 76,000, with 30% of them living in Douglas, the island’s largest city. It is also the capital of Maine. nine0005

Communication with the UK is maintained by air and sea, in particular a regular ferry service connects the Isle of Man with Liverpool. The symbol of the island of Triskelion, which is an image of three human legs bent at the knee joint while running. Curiously, this symbol belonged to Mediterranean Sicily for a long time.

The small overseas territories of Akritori and Dhekelia are located on the island of Cyprus in the eastern Mediterranean. In fact, these are military bases occupying about 254 square kilometers of territory. About 14,500 people live in this limited area, but they are all either military personnel serving on bases or members of their families. Given the purpose of these overseas territories, they are under the full control of the UK, and no civilian activity is conducted on them. nine0005

Anguilla

Anguilla is also a British Overseas Territory. This is a small island of coral origin, with an area of ​​about 100 sq. km. The population reaches 15 thousand people. At one time, there were sugar cane plantations on the island, and the modern inhabitants of Anguilla are descendants of slaves brought here to work. It soon turned out that the local land was not conducive to agriculture, they abandoned the cultivation of reeds, but the population remained. nine0005

Today, a significant part of the inhabitants of Anguilla is engaged in fishing, in particular, a large number of large lobsters, reaching a weight of 700 grams and even more, live in the waters around it. Another area of ​​the local economy is tourism. Warm weather, numerous beaches and magnificent sea views attract tourists not only from the UK, but also from other developed countries. You can visit Anguilla on a British multivisa.

Bermuda / Bermuda

Far from the numerous islands of the Caribbean, Bermuda is located far to the north in the Atlantic, approximately parallel to the US state of North Carolina. The islands are even smaller in area – about 54 sq. km. The population is almost 65 thousand people. The capital and at the same time the largest settlement is the city of Hamilton. nine0005

The islands are a well-known and popular resort, which can be accessed with a regular UK visa.

nine0174

53. 2

British Antarctic Territory / British Antarctic Territory

British Overseas Territories are represented even in Antarctica, where Queen Elizabeth II controls just over 1.7 million square kilometers of territory. The British Antarctic Territory was formed in 1962, uniting the Antarctic Peninsula, Coat Land, the South Shetland Islands, and the Oakney Islands. The population does not exceed 300 people, and is represented exclusively by scientists who come here on a rotational basis. nine0005

nine0187

British Indian Ocean Territory

Territories are represented by the island of Diego Garcia and a number of smaller islands located in the southern part of the Indian Ocean. It should be noted that the United Nations assigns these territories to the state of Mauritius, and the Seychelles also act as contenders for them.

Nevertheless, the UK actually controls everything, having an important military base here. There are no other activities on the islands. nine0005

nine0187

British Virgin Islands

This territory is represented by about six dozen small islands of the Caribbean Sea, located in the north-east of the region. The capital of the islands is Road Town. At one time, these places were chosen by pirates, but today it is an elite resort with a high price tag.

Quite a few old buildings have been preserved in the capital, including the fortress of the “new time”, which later turned into a prison. nine0005

Gibraltar / Gibraltar

One of the most important British Overseas Territories for several centuries. There is a large military base here. The locals call Gibraltar – “the rock”. Until now, the fort of the 18th century has been perfectly preserved here, as well as numerous later fortifications.

A large number of underground passages were laid in the mountains, the network of which was significantly expanded during the Second World War, when the military laid at least 40 kilometers of such communications. nine0005

Falkland Islands

Another overseas territory of Britain, located in the very south of the Atlantic, not far from the Argentinean coast. Despite its impressive size (the area is about 12.17 thousand square kilometers), no more than 3 thousand people live here. The capital of the islands is the city of Port Stanley.

Argentina claims the islands, calling them the Malvinas. In 1982, she even captured the Falklands by force, but later lost the war to Great Britain. Most of the population of the islands consider themselves British, and do not seek to unite with Argentina. nine0005

Saint Helena

Despite their name, these are actually several small islands in the Atlantic, including Ascension Island with a large military base. The distance from Saint Helena to the African coast is about 2 thousand kilometers. The area of ​​this island is 122 sq. km, and about 4.5 thousand people live here.

Due to its remoteness from other territories, the island is known for a large number of unique plants that are not found in nature anymore. In total, at least two hundred species of rare plants grow here. nine0005

Other British Overseas Territories

The Cayman Islands are located in the Caribbean Sea about 750 kilometers from the Cuban coast. Their discovery is associated with the travels of Columbus, and due to the huge number of turtles that lived here at that time, they were called “turtles”.

The small island of Montserrat with an area of ​​102 square kilometers is located in the Caribbean Antilles group. And Pitcairn Island is located in the Pacific Ocean. In the Caribbean, from other British Overseas Territories, it is worth noting the Turks and Caicos. In the south of the Atlantic Ocean there is also the island of South Georgia. nine0005

nine0179

15 000

A standard UK visa is required to visit any British Overseas Territories. This factor should be taken into account when planning trips.

Internal regulations of the correctional colony \ Acts, samples, forms, contracts \ Consultant Plus

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A selection of the most important documents upon request Internal regulations of the correctional colony (legal acts, forms, articles, expert advice and much more).

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Judicial practice : internal regulations of a correctional colony

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Open the document court decisions for 2021: Article 99 “Material support of convicts sentenced to deprivation of liberty” of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation “Resolving the dispute and refusing to satisfy the claims of the FKU” Correctional colony N 19Federal Penitentiary Service for the Republic of Komi”, the court of first instance, guided by the provisions of part 4 of article 99, part 1 of article 107, part 1 of article 103 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation, clause 16 of the Internal Rules of Correctional Institutions, approved by order of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation of December 16, 2016 N 295, proceeded from the fact that the costs of maintaining the convicted person do not depend on his attitude to work and cannot be qualified as losses caused by the refusal of the convicted person to work without good reason; If the convict refuses to work, they can be deducted from the funds available on the personal account of the convict on a monthly basis within the actual costs, while the law does not provide for the possibility of recovering these costs in court by way of a one-time recovery for the entire period of the convict’s stay in the correctional institution. nine0005

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Cassation ruling of the third cassation court of general jurisdiction dated 16.03.2022 N 88a-4091/2022, 2A- 537/2021
Category: Disputes with prosecutors.
Applicant’s claims: On the recognition of the decision as illegal and its cancellation.
Circumstances: The plaintiff considers the prosecutor’s decision unlawful, since the procedure for imposing a penalty was observed in full. nine0171 Decision: Refused. The materials of the prosecutor’s check established that the mere presence of the convict in a hostel where he does not live does not indicate that he is guilty of violating the Internal Regulations. So, despite the fact that by order of the head of the correctional colony dated August 12, 2020, S., who lives in detachment No. 5, was transferred to detachment No. 6 on August 14, 2020, from where he was transferred to detachment No. 8 on January 29, 2021, in fact he lived in Detachment No. 5. Detachments No. 5 and Detachments Nos. 6 and 8 are located in different dormitories in isolated areas, fenced with metal fences, locked with padlocks. Before the decision was made to impose a penalty, the circumstances of S.’s entry into the dormitory of Detachment No. 5 were not established, S. could also be in Detachment No. 5 with the permission of the colony employees, the guilt of violating the Internal Regulations was imputed to him prematurely, and therefore unreasonably. nine0005

Articles, Comments, answers to questions : internal regulations of a correctional colony

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: Features:
of the legal status of convicts serving their sentences in colonies-settlements
(Tyufyakov N.A., Urusov A.A.)
(“Bulletin of the Omsk Law Academy”, 2018, N 2) establishing acquaintances and visiting apartments of individuals, solving household issues and employment in institutions and organizations. The possibility of free communication with the civilian population outside the institution is due to the need for more successful social adaptation and is the main re-socializing factor in returning to life in freedom. nine0005

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., Samoilova A.A.)
(“Russian investigator”, 2020, N 12) The state of discipline and law and order in the correctional colony for convicted women is much better than in the correctional institution for convicted men. We believe that, first of all, this circumstance is due to the fact that, firstly, women are less likely to have asocial attitudes, they do not have stable criminal convictions, their socio-psychological adaptation does not have major defects (the exception is convicts who repeatedly serve sentences of deprivation of liberty), so they show a more adequate attitude to the rules of internal order. Second, 90% of convicted women are employed at production enterprises of correctional colonies, which distracts them from their illegal intentions. Thirdly, the cultural and mass life in correctional facilities for convicted women is developed at a fairly high level, women, in an effort to increase their sense of self-worth, try to show themselves in the field of artistry and participation in leisure activities.

Normative acts : Internal regulations of the correctional colony

Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of May 29, 2014 N 9
“On the practice of appointing and changing types of correctional institutions by courts” his violations of internal regulations, evasion of studies and work, his negative impact on the juveniles held in this colony.

Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 08.06.2021 N 27-P
“In the case of checking the constitutionality of parts one and eight of Article 74, part two of Article 101 and paragraph “c” of part one of Article 115 of the Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the complaint of citizen A. V. Yakovlev” In addition, A.V . Yakovlev filed an administrative claim to invalidate paragraphs 137 and 143 of the Internal Rules of Correctional Institutions (approved by order of the Ministry of Justice of Russia dated December 16, 2016 N 295), indicating that the penalties provided for in paragraphs “c”, “d”, “e” Part 1 of Article 115 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation can only be applied to convicts held in correctional colonies and prisons, but not in medical and preventive or medical correctional institutions intended to provide specialized medical care. By the decision of the judge of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 22, 2020, the claim was denied. In support of the decision, it was noted that convicts, while in medical and preventive or medical correctional institutions, are serving their sentence of imprisonment and at the same time receive the necessary treatment, and therefore it is possible that they may be subjected to – in violation of the established procedure for serving punishment – the penalties provided for in this articles.