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Spain | History, Map, Flag, Population, Currency, Climate, & Facts

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Head Of Government:

Prime Minister: Pedro Sánchez

Capital:

Madrid

Population:

(2022 est.) 47,323,000

Currency Exchange Rate:

1 USD equals 0.958 euro

Head Of State:

King: Felipe VI

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Summary

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Spain, country located in extreme southwestern Europe. It occupies about 85 percent of the Iberian Peninsula, which it shares with its smaller neighbour Portugal.

Spain is a storied country of stone castles, snowcapped mountains, vast monuments, and sophisticated cities, all of which have made it a favoured travel destination. The country is geographically and culturally diverse. Its heartland is the Meseta, a broad central plateau half a mile above sea level. Much of the region is traditionally given over to cattle ranching and grain production; it was in this rural setting that Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote tilted at the tall windmills that still dot the landscape in several places. In the country’s northeast are the broad valley of the Ebro River, the mountainous region of Catalonia, and the hilly coastal plain of Valencia. To the northwest is the Cantabrian Mountains, a rugged range in which heavily forested, rain-swept valleys are interspersed with tall peaks. To the south is the citrus-orchard-rich and irrigated lands of the valley of the Guadalquivir River, celebrated in the renowned lyrics of Spanish poets Federico García Lorca and Antonio Machado; over this valley rises the snowcapped Sierra Nevada. The southern portion of the country is desert, an extension of the Sahara made familiar to Americans through the “spaghetti western” films of the 1960s and early ’70s. Lined with palm trees, rosemary bushes, and other tropical vegetation, the southeastern Mediterranean coast and the Balearic Islands enjoy a gentle climate, drawing millions of visitors and retirees, especially from northern Europe.

Spain’s countryside is quaint, speckled with castles, aqueducts, and ancient ruins, but its cities are resoundingly modern. The Andalusian capital of Sevilla (Seville) is famed for its musical culture and traditional folkways; the Catalonian capital of Barcelona for its secular architecture and maritime industry; and the national capital of Madrid for its winding streets, its museums and bookstores, and its around-the-clock lifestyle. Madrid is Spain’s largest city and is also its financial and cultural centre, as it has been for hundreds of years.

The many and varied cultures that have gone into the making of Spain—those of the Castilians, Catalonians, Lusitanians, Galicians, Basques, Romans, Arabs, Jews, and Roma (Gypsies), among other peoples—are renowned for their varied cuisines, customs, and prolific contributions to the world’s artistic heritage. The country’s Roman conquerors left their language, roads, and monuments, while many of the Roman Empire’s greatest rulers were Spanish, among them Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. The Moors, who ruled over portions of Spain for nearly 800 years, left a legacy of fine architecture, lyric poetry, and science; the Roma contributed the haunting music called the cante jondo (a form of flamenco), which, wrote García Lorca, “comes from remote races and crosses the graveyard of the years and the fronds of parched winds. It comes from the first sob and the first kiss.” Even the Vandals, Huns, and Visigoths who swept across Spain following the fall of Rome are remembered in words and monuments, which prompted García Lorca to remark, “In Spain, the dead are more alive than the dead of any other country in the world.”

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In 1492, the year the last of the Moorish rulers were expelled from Spain, ships under the command of Christopher Columbus reached America. For 300 years afterward, Spanish explorers and conquerors traveled the world, claiming huge territories for the Spanish crown, a succession of Castilian, Aragonese, Habsburg, and Bourbon rulers. For generations Spain was arguably the richest country in the world, and certainly the most far-flung. With the steady erosion of its continental and overseas empire throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, however, Spain was all but forgotten in world affairs, save for the three years that the ideologically charged Spanish Civil War (1936–39) put the country at the centre of the world’s stage, only to become ever more insular and withdrawn during the four decades of rule by dictator Francisco Franco. Following Franco’s death in 1975, a Bourbon king, Juan Carlos, returned to the throne and established a constitutional monarchy. The country has been ruled since then by a succession of elected governments, some socialist, some conservative, but all devoted to democracy.

Land

Spain is bordered to the west by Portugal; to the northeast it borders France, from which it is separated by the tiny principality of Andorra and by the great wall of the Pyrenees Mountains. Spain’s only other land border is in the far south with Gibraltar, an enclave that belonged to Spain until 1713, when it was ceded to Great Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession. Elsewhere the country is bounded by water: by the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast, by the Atlantic Ocean to the northwest and southwest, and by the Bay of Biscay (an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean) to the north. The Canary (Canarias) Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwestern African mainland, and the Balearic (Baleares) Islands, in the Mediterranean, also are parts of Spain, as are Ceuta and Melilla, two small enclaves in North Africa (northern Morocco) that Spain has ruled for centuries.

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Relief

Spain accounts for five-sixths of the Iberian Peninsula, the roughly quadrilateral southwestern tip of Europe that separates the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. Most of Spain comprises a large plateau (the Meseta Central) divided by a mountain range, the Central Sierra (Sistema Central), which trends west-southwest to east-northeast. Several mountains border the plateau: the Cantabrian Mountains (Cordillera Cantábrica) to the north, the Iberian Cordillera (Sistema Ibérico) to the northeast and east, the Sierra Morena to the south, and the lower mountains of the Portuguese frontier and Spanish Galicia to the northwest. The Pyrenees run across the neck of the peninsula and form Spain’s border with France. There are two major depressions, that of the Ebro River in the northeast and that of the Guadalquivir River in the southwest. In the southeast the Baetic Cordillera (Sistema Penibético) runs broadly parallel to the coast to merge with the mountains of the Iberian Cordillera. Along the Mediterranean seaboard there are coastal plains, some with lagoons (e.g., Albufera, south of Valencia). Offshore in the Mediterranean, the Balearic Islands are an unsubmerged portion of the Baetic Cordillera. The Canary Islands in the Atlantic are of volcanic origin and contain the highest peak on Spanish territory, Teide Peak, which rises to 12,198 feet (3,718 metres) on the island of Tenerife.

Spain has some of the oldest as well as some of the youngest rocks of Europe. The entire western half of Iberia, with the exception of the extreme south, is composed of ancient (Hercynian) rocks; geologists refer to this Hercynian block as the Meseta Central. It constitutes a relatively stable platform around which younger sediments accumulated, especially on the Mediterranean side. In due course these sediments were pushed by major earth movements into mountain ranges. The term meseta is also used by geographers and local toponymy to designate the dominating relief unit of central Iberia. As a result, the Meseta Central defined by relief is subdivided by geology into a crystalline west (granites and gneisses) and a sedimentary east (mainly clays and limestones). The northern Meseta Central, which has an average elevation of 2,300 feet (700 metres), corresponds to the tablelands, or plateau, of Castile and León, although it is in fact a basin surrounded by mountains and drained by the Douro (Duero) River. The southern Meseta Central (the Meseta of Castile–La Mancha) is some 330 feet (100 metres) lower. Its relief is more diverse, however, owing to heavy faulting and warping caused by volcanic activity around the Calatrava Plain and to two complex river systems (the Guadiana and the Tagus) separated by mountains. Its southern plains rise gradually to the Sierra Morena. The southeastern side of this range drops almost vertically by more than 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) to the Guadalquivir depression. Dividing the northern and southern Mesetas are the Central Sierras, one of the outstanding features of the Iberian massif. Their highest points—Peñalara Peak at 7,972 feet (2,430 metres) and Almanzor Peak at 8,497 feet (2,590 metres)—rise well above the plains of the central plateau. In contrast, the granitic Galician mountains, at the northwestern end of the Hercynian block, have an average elevation of only 1,640 feet (500 metres), decreasing toward the deeply indented (ria) coast of the Atlantic seaboard.

Part of Alpine Europe, the Pyrenees form a massive mountain range that stretches from the Mediterranean Sea to the Bay of Biscay, a distance of some 270 miles (430 km). The range comprises a series of parallel zones: the central axis, a line of intermediate depressions, and the pre-Pyrenees. The highest peaks, formed from a core of ancient crystalline rocks, are found in the central Pyrenees—notably Aneto Peak at 11,168 feet (3,404 metres)—but those of the west, including Anie Peak at 8,213 feet (2,503 metres), are not much lower. The mountains fall steeply on the northern side but descend in terraces to the Ebro River trough in the south. The outer zones of the Pyrenees are composed of sedimentary rocks. Relief on the nearly horizontal sedimentary strata of the Ebro depression is mostly plain or plateau, except at the eastern end where the Ebro River penetrates the mountains to reach the Mediterranean Sea.

A series of sierras trending northwest-southeast forms the Iberian Cordillera, which separates the Ebro depression from the Meseta and reaches its highest elevation with Moncayo Peak at 7,588 feet (2,313 metres). In the southeast the Iberian Cordillera links with the Baetic Cordillera, also a result of Alpine earth movements. Although more extensive—more than 500 miles (800 km) long and up to 150 miles (240 km) wide—and with peninsular Spain’s highest summit, Mulhacén Peak, at 11,421 feet (3,481 metres), the Baetic ranges are more fragmented and less of a barrier than the Pyrenees. On their northern and northwestern sides they flank the low-lying and fairly flat Guadalquivir basin, the average elevation of which is only 426 feet (130 metres) on mainly clay strata. Unlike the Ebro basin, the Guadalquivir depression is wide open to the sea on the southwest, and its delta has extensive marshland (Las Marismas).

Drainage

Although some maintain that “aridity rivals civil war as the chief curse of [historic] Spain,” the Iberian Peninsula has a dense network of streams, three of which rank among Europe’s longest: the Tagus at 626 miles (1,007 km), the Ebro at 565 miles (909 km), and the Douro at 556 miles (895 km). The Guadiana and the Guadalquivir are 508 miles (818 km) and 408 miles (657 km) long, respectively. The Tagus, like the Douro and the Guadiana, reaches the Atlantic Ocean in Portugal. In fact, all the major rivers of Spain except the Ebro drain into the Atlantic Ocean. The hydrographic network on the Mediterranean side of the watershed is poorly developed in comparison with the Atlantic systems, partly because it falls into the climatically driest parts of Spain. However, nearly all Iberian rivers have low annual volume, irregular regimes, and deep valleys and even canyons. Flooding is always a potential hazard. The short, swift streams of Galicia and Cantabria, draining to the northwestern and northern coasts, respectively, have only a slight or, at most, modest summer minimum. The predominant fluvial regime in Spain is thus characterized by a long or very long summer period of low water. This is the regime of all the major arteries that drain the Meseta as well as those of the Mediterranean seaboard, such as the Júcar and the Segura: for example, from August to September the Guadiana River usually has less than one-tenth of its average annual flow. Only the Ebro River has a relatively constant and substantial flow—19,081 cubic feet (540 cubic metres) per second at Tortosa—coming from snowmelt as well as rainfall in the high Pyrenees. In comparison, the flow of the Douro is only 5,050 cubic feet (143 cubic metres) per second. The flow of many Iberian streams has been reduced artificially by water extraction for purposes such as irrigation. Subterranean flow is well-developed in limestone districts.

Soils

There are five major soil types in Spain. Two are widely distributed but of limited extent: alluvial soils, found in the major valleys and coastal plains, and poorly developed, or truncated, mountain soils. Brown forest soils are restricted to humid Galicia and Cantabria. Acidic southern brown earths (leading to restricted crop choice) are prevalent on the crystalline rocks of the western Meseta, and gray, brown, or chestnut soils have developed on the calcareous and alkaline strata of the eastern Meseta and of eastern Spain in general. Saline soils are found in the Ebro basin and coastal lowlands. Calcretes (subsoil zonal crusts [toscas], usually of hardened calcium carbonate) are particularly well-developed in the arid regions of the east: La Mancha, Almería, Murcia, Alicante (Alacant), and Valencia, as well as the Ebro and Lleida (Lérida) basins.

Soil erosion resulting from the vegetation degradation suffered by Spain for at least the past 3,000 years has created extensive badlands, reduced soil cover, downstream alluviation, and, more recently, silting of dams and irrigation works. Particularly affected are the high areas of the central plateau and southern and eastern parts of Spain. Although the origins of some of the spectacular badlands of southeastern Spain, such as Guadix, may lie in climatic conditions from earlier in Quaternary time (beginning 2.6 million years ago), one of the major problems of modern Spain is the threat of desertification—i.e., the impoverishment of arid, semiarid, and even some humid ecosystems caused by the joint impact of human activities and drought. Nearly half of Spain is moderately or severely affected, especially in the arid east (Almería, Murcia), as well as in much of subarid Spain (the Ebro basin). The government has adopted policies of afforestation, but some authorities believe that natural vegetation regrowth would yield more speedy and more permanent benefits.

Kings and Queens of Spain Timeline 1479-Present Day

HOUSE OF TRASTAMARA

Isabella I of Castile – 11th December 1474 – 26th November 1504

Daughter of John II of Castile and Isabella of Portugal
Married Ferdinand of Aragon
United Spain under joint rule with Ferdinand of Aragon

Ferdinand II of Aragon – 15th January 1475 – 23rd January 1516

Son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez
Married Isabella of Castile
United Spain under joint rule with Isabella of Castile

Joanna (the Mad) of Castile – 26th November 1504 – 12th April 1555

Daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
Married Philip of Burgundy
Joanna never ruled, due, it was said, to her madness. Instead her husband, father and son ruled as regents for her.

HOUSE OF HABSBURG

Charles I – 14th March 1516 – 16th January 1556

Son of Joanna of Castile and Philip of Burgundy
Married Isabella of Portugal
Was co-ruler with his mother Joanna until her death in April 1555. Was elected Charles V Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. Abdicated the throne in favour of his son in January 1556.

Philip II – 16th January  1556 – 13th September 1598

Son of Charles I and Isabella of Portugal
Married 1 Maria of Portugal 2. Mary I of England 3. Elisabeth of Valois 4. Anne of Austria
Sent an armada to England to avenge the death of Mary Queen of Scots and return England to Catholicism.

Philip III – 13th September 1598 – 31st March 1621

Son of Philip II and Anne of Austria
Married Margaret of Austria
Was known as Philip the Pious. Took Spain into the Thirty Years War.

Philip IV – 31st March 1621 – 17th September 1665

Son of Philip III and Margaret of Austria
Married 1. Elisabeth of France 2. Mariana of Austria
Philip was a lover of the arts and supported the Spanish artist Velazquez. The Spanish Empire had begun to decline due to his not implementing reforms.

Charles II – 17th September 1665 – 1st November 1700

Son of Philip IV and Mariana of Austria
Married 1. Marie Louise d’Orleans 2. Maria Anna of Neuburg
Charles suffered from multiple disabilities. He became King at the age of three and his mother acted as regent. After her death Charles ruled alone but was heavily influenced by advisers. He did not have children and nominated his sister’s grandson, Philip to be his successor.

HOUSE OF BOURBON

Philip V – 1st November 1700 – 15th January 1724

Son of Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria
Married 1. Maria Luisa of Savoy 2. Elisabeth Farnese
He was nominated as heir to the childless Philip V but his younger brother Charles challenged his succession. This led to the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1714 it was agreed that Philip would be King. He abdicated the throne in favour of his son, Louis in 1724.

Louis I – 15th January – 31st August 1724

Son of Philip V and Maria Luisa of Savoy
Married Louise Elisabeth of Orleans
Died of smallpox seven months after becoming King. He had no children so his father returned as King

Philip V – 31st August 1724 – 9th July 1746

Son of Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria
Married 1. Maria Luisa of Savoy 2. Elisabeth Farnese
Philip had abdicated the throne in favour of his son Louis. After Louis died of smallpox without an heir, he retook the throne.

Ferdinand VI – 9th July 1746 – 10th August 1759

Son of Philip V and Maria Luisa of Savoy
Married Barbara of Portugal
Became King after the death of his father. Died without children so the crown passed to his half-brother.

Charles III – 10th August 1759 – 14th December 1788

Son of Philip V and Elisabeth Farnese
Married Maria Amalia of Saxony
Charles was a enlightened monarch and promoted science and learning as well as encouraging trade.

Charles IV – 14th December 1788 – 19th March 1808

Son of Charles III and Maria Amalia of Saxony
Married Maria Luisa of Parma
Became King instead of his elder brother who had learning difficulties and epilepsy. Was forced to abdicate in favour of his son following riots.

Ferdinand VII 19th March – 6th May 1808

Son of Charles III and Maria Amalia of Saxony
Married 1. Maria Antonia of Naples 2. Maria Isabel of Braganza 3. Maria Josepha of Saxony 4. Maria Christina of the two Sicilies
Took the throne from his father after seeking support from Napoleon. He in turn was forced to abdicate by Napoleon who did not trust him.

HOUSE OF BONAPARTE

Joseph I – 6th June 1808 – 11th December 1813

Son of Carlo Bonaparte (brother of Napoleon) and Letizia Ramolino
Married Julie Clary
Was installed as King of Spain by his brother Napoleon who did not trust Ferdinand VII. The appointment was not popular with the Spanish and marked the beginning of the Peninsular War against Napoleon. He abdicated in 1813 after the French defeat at the Battle of Vitoria.

HOUSE OF BOURBON

Ferdinand VII – 11th December 1813 – 29th September 1833

Son of Charles III and Maria Amalia of Saxony
Married 1. Maria Antonia of Naples 2. Maria Isabel of Braganza 3. Maria Josepha of Saxony 4. Maria Christina of the two Sicilies
Returned as King after the abdication of Joseph Bonaparte.

Isabella II – 29th September 1833 – 30th September 1868

Daughter of Ferdinand VII and Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
Married Francis Duke of Cadiz
She became Queen at three years old. Her reign was not popular and she was deposed in 1868 and exiled to France.

INTERREGNUM

30th September 1868 – 16th November 1870

After Isabella II was deposed Spain was ruled by a provisional government and regency led by Francisco Serrano y Dominiguez.

HOUSE OF SAVOY

Amadeo I – 16th November 1870 – 11th February 1873

Son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Adelaide of Austria (Great great grandson of Charles III)
Married Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo 2. Maria Letizia Bonaparte
Was chosen to be King of Spain by the Cortes but there were continual rebellions against his rule so he abdicated and returned to Italy.

FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC

11th February 1873 – 29th December 1874

Spain was proclaimed a republic and a new constitution was drawn up. However, different factions did not agree and the country became unstable with civil war breaking out. By 1874 the government had collapsed and the monarchy was restored.

HOUSE OF BOURBON

Alfonso XII – 29th December 1874 – 25th November 1885

Son of Isabella II and Francis of Cadiz
Married 1. Mercedes of Orleans 2. Maria Christina of Austria
Became King after the monarchy was restored. At the time of his death his wife was pregnant with their son Alfonso.

Alfonso XIII – 17th May 1886 – 14th April 1931

Posthumous son of Alfonso XII and Maria Christina of Austria
Married Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
Was King from birth and his mother acted as regent until he came of age. His reign was fraught with rebellions. A plebiscite was held to decide between monarchy and republic. After the election decided to make Spain a republic, Alfonso left Spain voluntarily.

SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC

14th April 1931 – 1st April 1939

The second Spanish republic was declared after Alfonso XIII was deposed. However, the country was not stable as both the Republicans and Nationalists wanted control. This ultimately led to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 when the Nationalists proclaimed General Francisco Franco as leader of Spain. The war was won in 1939 by the Nationalists.

SPANISH STATE

1st October – 1936 – 20th November 1975

General Francisco Franco was declared leader of Spain by Nationalists in 1936. After winning the Spanish Civil War he ruled Spain as a dictatorship until his death in 1975.

HOUSE OF BOURBON

Juan Carlos I – 22nd November 1975 – 18th June 2014

Son of Juan, Count of Barcelona and Maria de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Grandson of Alfonso XIII)
Married Sophia of Greece and Denmark
Became King after the death of General Franco in 1975. Abdicated in favour of his son in 2014.

Felipe VI – 18th June 2014 –

Son of Juan Carlos and Maria de las Mercedes
Married Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano
Became King after his father abdicated in his favour in 2014.

90,000 Kings of Spain. Spain in Russian – all about life in Spain

The first monarch to officially take the title “King of Spain” was the Spanish King Philip II. This happened in 1556. But this does not mean that Spanish kings and queens did not exist before him. In the 14th century, Spanish kings ruled over the separate kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, León, and Navarre. As a single state, Spain appeared on the world map only at the end of the 15th century, after the Spanish king Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile concluded a dynastic union and completely expelled the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula. At 149In the year 2, the Spanish king Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I received the keys to Granada from the hands of the last Arab emir in Spain. All the kings of Spain come from five dynasties. A complete list of the kings of Spain has 22 names.

Center for Business and Life Services in Spain “Spain in Russian” reminds you that we offer you more than 100 types of services in Spain. Contact us by phone numbers listed on the site.

Need help in Spain? The service center “Spain in Russian” is more than 100 types of services in Russian in any region of Spain.

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List of kings of Spain | it’s… What is the List of Kings of Spain?

Interpretation

List of kings of Spain

Genealogical tree of the rulers of the Iberian Peninsula 4-20 centuries.

The numbering of the Spanish monarchs continues the numbering of the kings of Castile. In the Middle Ages, the title Emperor of all Spain was used. Officially, Philip II was the first to take the title “King of Spain “.

Contents 1 Dynasty Trastámara (Spanish Casa de Trastámara ) 2 Habsburg Dynasty 3 Bourbon Dynasty 4 Bonaparte dynasty 5 Bourbon Dynasty 6 Savoy dynasty 6.1 Interregnum: First Republic 7 Bourbon Dynasty 8 Interregnum: Second Republic and Franco’s reign 9 Bourbon Dynasty 10 See also 11 Notes

Trastámara dynasty (Spanish

Casa de Trastámara )

• (1479-1516) Ferdinand V and Isabella I (died 1504)
• (1516-1555) Juan I and Felipe I (died 1506)
• Nota bene : Juana I de iure ruled with her son Carlos I until his death in 1555.

Spanish Habsburgs

Spanish Bourbons

Known in Spain as “Austrian” (Spanish: Casa de Austria ).

• Carlos I, a.k.a. Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V: January 23, 1516–January 16, 1556
• Felipe II: January 16, 1556–September 13, 1598
• Felipe III: September 13, 1598–March 31, 1621
• Felipe IV: March 31, 1621–September 17, 1665
• Carlos II: September 17, 1665–November 1, 1700 ^[1]
  • Archduke Charles, pretender 1700-1714 (War of the Spanish Succession)

• Philip V: November 16, 1700–January 14, 1724
• Louis I: January 14–August 31, 1724 ^[2]
• Philip V (second time): 6 September 1724–9 July 1746
• Ferdinand VI: 9 July 1746–10 August 1759
• Charles III: August 10, 1759–December 14, 1788
• Charles IV: December 14, 1788–March 19, 1808
• Ferdinand VII: March 19–May 6, 1808 ^[3]
• Charles IV (second time): 6 May 1808 ^[4]

• Joseph I Napoleon: June 6, 1808–December 11, 1813 ^[5]

Bourbon dynasty

• Ferdinand VII (second time): December 11, 1813 – September 29, 1833
• Isabella II: September 29, 1833 – September 30, 1868 ^[6]
  • Maria Cristina the Elder, regent 1833-1840, Don Carlos the Elder contested power
  • Francisco de Asis Bourbon, husband of Isabella II, in 1846 received the title of King of Spain

• Amadeus I: January 2, 1871–February 11, 1873

Interregnum: First Republic

• First Spanish Republic: 1873–1874
  • Don Carlos the Younger (in Navarre and the Basque Country 1872-1876)

Bourbon dynasty

• Alphonse XII: December 29, 1874–November 25, 1885 ^[7]
• Alphonse XIII: May 17, 1886–April 14, 1931
  • Maria Christina II the Younger, regent 1885-1902

Interregnum: Second Republic and Franco’s reign

• Second Spanish Republic: 1931–1939
• Franco’s dictatorship: 1939–1975 ^[8]

Bourbon

• Juan Carlos I: November 22, 1975–

See also

• List of consorts of Spanish monarchs

Notes

1. ↑ After the death of Carlos II there was a brief interregnum during which Philip of Anjou was expected to decide whether he accepted the crown or not.
2. ↑ After the death of Louis and the return of his father to the throne, there was a brief interregnum.
3. ↑ A significant part of Spain did not recognize the abdication of Ferdinand VII, because it was made under duress. On September 25, 1808, the Supreme Ruling Junta was formed, recognized by a number of foreign powers as the legitimate government of Spain; she continued to recognize Ferdinand as king.
4. ↑ After the second abdication of Charles IV, there was an interregnum for a month, during which Marshal Joachim Murat was vicegerent of the kingdom and governor.
5. ↑ He is Joseph, brother of Napoleon I. Not everyone recognized him as king, and after the restoration of the Bourbons, most of his decisions were invalidated.
6. ↑ After Isabella’s abdication, there was a long interregnum (more than two years), during which the government searched abroad for a candidate for a new king.
7. ↑ After the death of Alphonse XII, a regency was established, since the succession to the crown depended on the sex of the unborn child, whom Alphonse’s widow was expecting. If a girl were born, the eldest daughter of the late king, Infanta Maria Mercedes, would become the heiress. A boy was born, proclaimed at birth by King Alphonse XIII.
8. ↑ In 1947, Franco proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy, but did not allow the pretender, the Count of Barcelona, ​​to take the throne, and subsequently provided for the transfer of the crown after his death to the son of the Count of Barcelona, ​​Juan Carlos.

List of monarchs of the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, from the Reconquista to the present day
Portugal	Spain
	Crown of Castile				Navarra	Crown of Aragon
	Galicia	Asturias	Leon	Castile		Aragon	Barcelona	Valencia	Mallorca

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